History and Types of Regiment Units

History and Types of command UnitsAt first, there is the MOD (Ministry of Defence) which is a British de get off the groundment in the government that is responsible for(p) the defence policy set by the highness government and the British build up forces. The Ministry of Defence mainly objectives argon to map the UK of Great Britain and North Ireland and to strengthen them with stability and peace. The MOD similarly protects liberty gage of interest of the United res publica whether is in the UK or aside of the UK. Michael F preciselyon is currently the minister that is responsible of the Ministry of Defence.Then seconded in line is the maiden Division which is a large multitude unit with normally nigh 15-20 thousand soldiers. In most armies, a division is usually garbled between brigades or regiments. The division is big, alone they as well as can be runty a combined armed unit that can do independent operations. The 1st Division is at the top of the armed divisions in the United Kingdom and argon 7th in the world, which are also in bestir of the roles they give to the soldiers to set out their authority. The division is a defensive array that serves for Britain resilience and fights with a few brigades and reveal armies from opposite countries. Of course, a major-general is in charge of the 1st Division but is also aided by three other aggroups such as the quaternary Mechanized group (The Black Rats), the twentieth Armoured Brigade (The constrict Fist), and the 7th Armoured Brigade ( withdraw from Rats).Brigades are major tactical military units that are usually made up of 3-6 battalions. Brigades are equal to a large unit of regiments, with 2 more brigades it would then make up a division. Brigades are normally in infantries or armoured units.The quaternate Mechanized Brigade is based in Yorkshire and does mostly operational missions at bottom the north-east of England. They have 2 forces under its command which are the soldiers Cadet Force and the Combined Cadet Force. The 4th Mechanized Brigade is basi ringy under the command of the 1st Division to train the 18 forces they have under their command but the one who is in charge of the Black rats is Brigadier Charlie Hebert who is a one-star officer. Sir Herbert is then responsible to retain the manoeuver and discipline of his armoured military surfaced unit.However as for the 20th Armoured brigade is different from the black rats, for starters until now though they are a British army they are based in Germany but are looking to relocate their headquarters back to the United Kingdom in a few years to come. This brigade had its most new-made operation in Iraq, and is not back in Germany but is aiding the Afghanistan army as for now. From this The Iron Fist is an army that is not only part of the 1st Division but also from the 3rd Division who are also titled The Iron Division. This Division only has 3 separate brigades, pes Brigade and only one Logistic Brigade all of the 3 brigades are based in the United Kingdom. The Brigadier who is responsible for the black rats is Brigadier Mike Elviss.The 7th Armoured Brigade also called the Desert Rats and are quite similar with The Iron Fist even though the 7th Armoured Brigade were renamed into the 7th Infantry Brigade but still have the name the Desert Rats as its a nickname for the Brigade. For some reason their motto/shout out is Floreat jerboa which gist in English in the English translation Let the Desert Rats flourish. Again they have brigadier that is in command of this brigade and the other 49 brigades that has been combined with the original o be named the 7th Infantry Brigade.Regiments are a military unit that varies their role and size depending on their country and their armed service who have a smaller size of units that are then called a battalion. A battalion is also a military unit that consist of 300-800 soldiers. Battalions are mostly commanded by a lieutenant colonel. E ven though a battalion is one small military organization they are still capable of independent operations that are limited. The lowest level someone could get in a battalion unit is either an executive officer or the patronage and service unit. The term company in the armed forces is used only when a private military made out of 4-10 soldiers are providing armed combat. Private Military Companys like to call their staff as security contractors or private contractors. Private military companies also like to call their business generally as the Circuit which hires mostly mercenaries and bodyguards.

A Problem Statement Of Wireless Networks Information Technology Essay

A Problem Statement Of Wireless Net spurts study Technology EssayA bet exercise in unorganised radio receiver net in surface generally employee whole communicate due to this it pass on generally carried out implosion therapy worry. quick formation contains flooding algorithm to represent assay process but this strategy address lack of search problem and inefficiency factors. The flooding algorithm needs to search on each node on over uncrystallised net income to commence out property which consumes an extra epoch. Energy Rate allocation and flooding problems are main aspects in unstructured internets. It leads high computational problems and which consumes extra processing m. To correct any radiocommunication profit environment consummation it necessary to accessing structure in radio earnings. The energy use of goods and services is a key aspect in wireless network according to the hit-or-miss laissez passer process result unbalance the energy and c an-do oppugn search process. A native approach of flooding random walk algorithm for communicate lead flooding problems and unbalanced energy lay out allocation attemptament be lead to network sprightliness prison term problems1.2 Aim and ObjectivesAimThe aim of this pick up is to design a distributed diligence to improve search efficiency in unstructured wireless network by reducing transactional costObjectivesTo design a distributed occupation in unstructured wireless network utilize NS-2 simulatorTo take an advantage of biased random walk algorithm in on going distributed search application for avoiding look of transmissionsTo exploit a network model by exploitation NS-2 simulator by representing uniform nodes and determine search protocol for compute number of packets needed to represent search processTo calculate time taken to cover the entire network after initiation of a search from a randomly selected initial node in knowing network.To calculate the number of s earch items found after certain time steps from initiation of a search.1.4 Proposed MethodologiesThis consider mainly deals with unstructured wireless mobile network. An unstructured search has to potentially explore the whole network as much(prenominal), it is generally carried out by flooding. This run into ordain improve a search process in unstructured wireless network by reducing flooding configuring uniform nodes using NS-2 simulatorTo contemplate energetic search and route discovery problems in dissimilar networks. To reduce number of transmissions during searching any property by establishing uniform nodes network using simulation modeologies. To reduce hitting time to the target node and judge number of transmission by implementing biased random walk by constructing uniform nodes in unstructured wireless networks. To evaluate a slashing search efficiency by configuring uniform nodes for unstructured wireless network by applying simulation methodology.1.5 Expected Artifact and outcomesTo design a distributed application to improve search efficiency in unstructured wireless networks and will evaluate this project results using NS-2 Simulator which will show dynamic search on over uniform nodes.2 Research2.1 General solid ground to the subjectThis enquiry addresses the dynamic search problems in unstructured wireless network environment. The research considers search oriented problems and question computational problems in distributed dynamic applications. The high train information accessing could lead energy utilisation issues. This research brush up the punctuate study of location based spacial query processing on and snap shot query processing. The undertake query processing supports only limited data take. To over come this difficulties here(predicate) it need to review index method for managing atmospherics and dynamic data. This index process ope footsteps on over spatial query as well as snap shot which will be applicable on both data level.This research accomplish cognition of query process in unstructured wireless network environment. Background knowledge of query monitoring in wireless broadcast environment . The background study will be conducted by reviewing heterogeneous research papers, journals, books and websites. I will accomplish the relevant information by considering key words. Which powerfulness be use full gathering an appropriate data2.2 oeuvre on specific issuesThe main aim of this project is to tackling dynamic search problems in wireless networks and to improve path discovery in wireless network during promoting dynamic search on over unstructured networks. To succeed efficient search on over unstructured network, it needs to review back ground study of various search algorithms such as flooding algorithm, random walk algorithm and dynamic search algorithm. This research mainly focuses on over unstructured wireless network by considering dynamic search problems2.3 Technologies for implementationThe implementation of this project will be divided into various modules and layers. The entire implementation work will be carried out using NS-2 simulator. The simulator will design a wireless network with group of nodes. To configure network in terms of leaf node- server architecture. intensify the communication by promoting ad hoc protocol and compute energy rate level and consumption level by distributing message across client nodes. The entire code will be designed in jibe command language (TCL), C++ language and with combination of OTCL2.4 Analysis of Existing WorkThe problem statement address the search problem in unstructured network environment, to analyze the search process problems and flooding problem during evaluating dynamic search process on over unstructured network. To addresses such kind of problems by conducting an experimental review on over static and dynamic search process and evaluate various search process algorithm to measure performance factors. In this analysis which shows the resource consumption problems and computation problems during evaluating dynamic search.3 Technical RequirementsThe proposed study analyzes the technical requirements by considering the problem statements and proposed study issues and which defines the functional requirements of proposed system. The functional requirements of proposed system should be sort out into different processes these processes have been configured in terms of input, transactions and output. The system should be adapted to reduce energy consumption level and which is capable of distributing data across different sensor networksProposed technical requirements are as followsSoftware Requirement Ns2,Network Animator NAM, XGRAPH, TCL C++ programming.Hardware Requirement P4 processor with 2.4ghz speed, 80GB hard disk, 512 MB RAMCommunication protocol requirement DSDV, AODV, DSRsubstance abuser interface requirement NAM (network animator ) for dynamic visualization4 de sign/ Structural information4.1 Development model To develop this project here I will employee spiral life cycle model, I will classified this model into different phases, this model is useful for recycling purpose, this life cycle model basically enhance new requirements with out distributing front work, this model is most appropriate for distributed applications.4.2 Design and implementation model To analyze the problem statements by reviewing existing system processes and finalize the functional requirements of proposed system, these functionalities will be consider as a case studies. These case studies will classified into modules and sub modules. To design modular diagram and high level design diagram for representing project process. It classify the design into high level and low level design pattern, it contribute entire process by considering spiral model project life cycle.5 Data acquirementI will gather relevant data to develop this project by referring various web sites, books and journals. I will refer relevant tutorials for referring more data structure and I will refer various search algorithms for reviewing search problems. The most of the information i will get from websites, forums, journals6 Testing and analysis of Results To test the project results by generating various test case storeys and validation the process by giving data inputs. I will conduct functional testing for checking functionalities of system. The unit test and integrating test should be apply for finding errors in system code and integrate all modules and verify operation by evaluating integration test case7 Improvements To improve the data Acquisition component by configuring entire network components. To determine processes in data encyclopaedism by simulating data access8 Overall evolution The boilersuit report evaluate the basic structure of project, here it schedules entire work by representing various task structure, the specified task should need to accomplish in given time, the overall structure should be organize goal to end project structure. To employee dynamic distributed search application in unstructured networks for monitoring dynamic search process9 Conclusion and RecommendationsThis report demonstrate various search process problems in unstructured network as well as this report represent entire project process by classifying various project functionalities. Which also demonstrate project requirements and technical usage strcture for developing distributed dynamic application and classify proposed method for resolving spatial queries problems by establishing dynamic network model using network simulator, the proposed model will identify problem statement in existing system and reconstruct entire network by judge dynamic search process.

Top Glove Corporation Berhad Expansion

reach mitt Corporation Berhad Expansion1. macrocosmTop manus Corporation Berhad founded by the husband and wife squad of Tan Sri Dr. Lim Wee-Chai, as a company chairman and Puan Sri Tong Siew Bee, executive director. realize in Malaysia in 1991, Top baseball baseball glove operated with only one manufactory with three minute-hand payoff lines. Nowadays, it is known as the world largest synthetic rubber manus manufacturer. Top glove embarked an impressive amplification plan with the following locateWorld Largest Rubber baseball mitt ManufacturerExisting(As at celestial latitude 2010)1. routine of Factories202. Number of Production Lines3793. Total pieces of Gloves Produced (per grade)33.75 billion4. Number of Employees10,9005. Countries of Export1806. Number of Customers900Top Glove was listed on Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpurs second board in 2001 and has been success safey promoted to the Main Market of the Kuala Lumpur Stock supplant on May 16, 2002. Top Glove has over 15 eld of experience in production of latex examination gloves (HWANGDBS Vickers Research, 2008). It has also alter overseas and set up four factories in Thailand and two in China, in addition to the 12 facilities it has in Malaysia (CIMB Research Report, 2007).1.2 Companys Core line of productsTop Gloves nature activities argon manufacturing and trading rubber gloves, synthetic gloves and running(a) gloves which are mostly used in medical, industrial and food operate industries. With an approximated 80% of their product is in the form of natural rubber gloves and the stick 20% are synthetic gloves (CIMB Research Report, 2007). Top Glove acts as a one-stop glove centre by offering a full range of services, from manufacturing glove products to packaging, branding, sales as well as scattering of finished glove products through its three primary sales offices in Klang, Malaysia Azusa, California and Duisburg, Germany (HWANGDBS Vickers Research, 2008). About 95% of the compa ny sales are for the export market.1.3 Financial PerformanceAccording to annual report 2009, Top Glove has successfully achieved the company process by presentation the affix in terminal profit for the pecuniary year. The remarkable growth of 54% of net profit in the year 2009 as compare to the year 2008 showing that Top Glove fully utilizes the advantage of its listing as existence company to generate growth that is beneficial to the shareholders.2. sales ANALYSIS2.1 sales ingathering RatesTotal sales or total receipts is the first line on any company income statement. This figure is the add up of money that company receives during the specific time of period. Total gross is rattling important to turn in money into a profit. In the gone 5 years (2005 2009), Top Glove has been profitable. The sales growth for its products showing the maturation in receipts for the every financial year.Top Gloves taxation for the past 5 yearsYearTotal tax income (RMmil)2004418.120 05641.82006992.620071228.820081377.920091529.1 showtime Top Glove Annual Report 2010The sales growth grade (%) from year to year bequeath be calculate as downstairscurrent sales previous sales________________________ x 100 introductory salesYearSales emergence Rates (%)From year to yearSales Growth Rates (%) From year 20052004200553.50200654.6654.66200723.8091.46200812.13114.69200910.97138.25 exponential functions can be applied in growth processes. The most widely accepted method acting in academics to calculate total growth can be equal by the functionsy = a(1 + r)Xwhich a = initial core in the beginning measuring stick growthr = growth rate (often a percent)x = chassis of time intervals that have passedThe exponential function in computing growth grade for Top Gloves are presented as below1. Year 2005Growth rates (%) 53.50 (0.5350)Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000) 418.1Exponential Growth Functions y = a(1+r)xy = 418.1(1+0.5350)1y = 641.82. Year 2006Growth r ates (%) 54.66 (0.5466)Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000) 641.8Exponential Growth Functions y = a(1+r)xy = 641.8(1+0.5466)1y = 992.63. Year 2007Growth rates (%) 23.80 (0.2380)Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000) 992.6Exponential Growth Functions y = a(1+r)xy = 992.6(1+0.2380)1y = 1228.84. Year 2008Growth rates (%) 12.13 (0.1213)Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000) 1228.8Exponential Growth Functions y = a(1+r)xy = 1228.8(1+0.1213)1y = 1377.95. Year 2009Growth rates (%) 10.97 (0.1097)Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000) 1377.9Exponential Growth Functions y = a(1+r)xy = 1377.9(1+0.1097)1y = 1529.12.2 Growth Rates Analysis53.5% growth in 2005, Top Glove and the glove industry facing an exciting and challenging year when un bided hike in the prices of crude oil and raw material. Top Gloves has managed to retained company performance by continue its aggressive capacity expansion to capture a bigger share of the world glove market.54.66% in 2006, the sting of increase oil and fuel prices continues to vibrate throughout the glove and healthcare industry. These two industries feel the most pressure in deciding how to react in this feature. This is because production cost would be driven up by the increased oil and fuel prices which will impacts on the potential to deliver the products. Top Gloves still continues to stand in progressing by find over its operation costs and learned to manage the increase in the cost of oil and fuel prices. Each manufacturer can association these costs by their own way, however price increases are inevitable (Jeannie and Dana, 2006).By the year 2007, Top Glove achieved a remarkable revenue growth of 23.8% to RM1,228.8 million. The growth was principally due to the continued increased in customer base planetaryly and a extravagantlyer volume of sales attributed to the increased capacity so that the company succeeds to face on the increase in operating costs.In year 2008, the growth slows to 12.13% caused by global economy. It was tough for the glove producer to continue the business due to the miffed margin and only glove manufacturers with sizable economies of scale can fail (Malaysian Rubber Board, 2008). Top Glove definitely cannot be escaped from this phenomenon. However, Top Glove had experienced to face the current world financial crisis and continues companys big businessman to grow over the years.Year 2009 shows that the slower growth rate goes to 10.97% achieved by Top Glove. The company started the year with aware about a steadfast global demand of gloves especially in healthcare industry worked up by the global economic recovery. Furthermore, the H1N1 pandemic caused the demand of gloves contributed in brachydactylous return to all rubber glove manufacturers including Top Glove. Top Glove had adapted well in current economic environment by which its earning was boosted by higher sales and higher costs efficiency (OSK, 2010).3. SALES TRENDSales trend analysis is a review of sales during a specified period of time. It is could be increase, decrease or remain unchanged. The utilization of sales trend analysis is to monitoring performance and to predict future performance.Top Gloves sales trend increased year by year. It is showed that the company very focused on their nature business and will struggle to curb companys mission as a world elucidate glove manufacturer by providing best quality product as well as to toughen their position as the worlds largest rubber glove manufacturer.Top Gloves sales trend illustrated with a graph below ground on the graph above, it is showed that Top Glove sales trend growing over the years. The growth might be supported by the high demanded from their customer. The surge of demand for rubber gloves used for medical and protection purpose forced glove industry to raise the selling price. Similarly, Top Glove also raised its products selling price to equalize the higher production costs. Howeve r, the demand for rubber gloves remained and was in fast growing even though the selling price was high.For the 5 years, Top Glove continued achieved a remarkable profit. The global phenomena such as H1N1 and SARS pandemic, hike in the price of oil and raw material, weather, war or world financial crisis which result in boost in the demand of rubber glove. Additionally, increase in health awareness worldwide also increases the demand of rubber glove. Top Glove succeed to adapt all the difficult situation year by year by their good planning of manufacturing processes and providing a high quality of product.4. CONCLUSIONAs a conclusion, Top Glove Corporation Berhad continued achieved a remarkable profit by increasing their revenue and sales growth rate from year to year. The companys show inexpugnable sales performance was endorsed to high demand for gloves especially form healthcare industry and emerging market which demand for gloves is expected to growing for a double digit every year. Even though there are more challenges to overcome, Top Glove positive to increase their remarkable revenue and sales growth rates for every year and believe to maintain its leadership in the global market by continue providing a top quality of product.

Agitation Leaching Theory And Practice Biology Essay

tempest Leaching Theory And Practice Biology EssayAgitation remove is a chemical process where in the soil that is to be mixed or slurried is kept in tint for a genuine period of time with fluid to be extracted. The metal solubility measure is reduces quite noticeably, and the declination gets apprehendd on the approach of equilibrium surrounded by the metal beat in the origin and the metal strikeed on the advance of the soil is approachedExcess metal will not be extracted from the show of the soil unless the soil is accessed by fresh stock base and the contact time change magnitudes when the system is at equilibrium. On reaching equilibrium, the soil is stranded from the extraction fluid victimisation sedimentation, thickening, or clarification. An zymolysis vat linked with a solid- crystal clear decomposition vessel (typical processes like clarification or sedimentation) is considered to be a mavin stage The process of extraction is then for the most part co ntinued in a sepa pass judgment extraction vat and the devolve resultant role obtained from the extraction process is use to speed up the stray of extraction 1.Agitation remove-Practice nitril and the Gold IndustryIntroduction unitary of the most widely apply industrial conventions is the cyanidation process in the meretricious industry. Amount of specieen present in ores typically occurs at genuinely low concentrations in ores which broadly range from less than 10 gm/tonne. At the low level of the gold concentrations the most predominant rule used extensively and one that is cost potent is the aqueous hydrometallurgical extraction processes to extract the gold from its ore. Typical hydrometallurgical gold feely involves an agitation ransacking step where the gold is concluded in an aqueous medium, followed by the separation of the gold bearing solving from the counterpoises, or adsorption of the gold onto delirious railway degree Celsius. After elution from the touch off nose candy the gold is further concent localised by electrodeposition or precipitation.Gold is one of the noble metals and is not in truth such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) soluble in water. Complexes, like nitril, is known for stabilizing the gold species in closure, along with an oxidant preferably atomic number 8 thereby dissolving the essential amount of gold. The amount of nitril in solution need for complete detachment may be typically of very low concentrations such as 350 mg/l which accounts for around 0.035% of c% sodium nitrileAlternative complexing agents for gold, such as chloride, bromide, thiourea, and thiosulfate form less stable complexes and indeed require more aggressive conditions and oxidants to dissolve the gold. These reagents present risks to health and the environment, and ar more expensive. This justifies the dominance of nitrile as the autochthonic reagent for the remove of gold from ores since its introduction in the latt er half of the 19th century.Manufacture, Transport and computer repositing of cyanideApproximately 1.1 million metric tons of enthalpy nitril is rised annually worldwide, with approximately 6% used to produce nitril reagents for the impact of gold. The remaining 94% is used in industrial applications including production of plastics, flame retardants, cosmetics, adhesives pharmaceuticals, food processing and as an anti-caking additive for table and road salts.Cyanide is manufactured and distri furthered for use in gold mining industries in a variety of physical and chemical forms, including solid briquettes, flake cyanide and perspicuous cyanide. atomic number 11 cyanide is supplied as every briquettes or liquid, while atomic number 20 cyanide is supplied in flake form and also in liquid form. The strength of bulk cyanide reagents go from 98% for sodium cyanide briquettes, 44-50% for flake calcium cyanide, 28-33% for liquid sodium cyanide and 15-18% for liquid calcium cya nide. The product strength is quoted on a molar basis as both sodium or calcium cyanide.The form of cyanide reagent chosen for use typically depends on availability, distance from the source and cost. Where liquid cyanide is used, it is f beed to the mine by tanker truck or rail car and is off-loaded into a reposition tank. The truck or rail car may have a single or double walled tank, and the location and visualize of the discharge equipment varies by vehicle.Solid briquette or flake cyanide is transported to the mine in drums, plastic bags, boxes, returnable bins and ISO-containers. The mine generally designs and constructs the requirement equipment to safely dissolve the solid cyanide in a noble-pH solution considering the packaging of the reagent. The pH value of cyanide solutions during dissolution moldiness be prolonged above pH 12 to avoid the volatilization of the hazardous hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas. The resulting cyanide solution is then pumped to a repositing t ank prior to introduction into the process.The cyanide solution is fed from the storage tank into the metallurgical process stream in proportion to the dry out push-down stack of solids in the process stream. The feed rate of cyanide is controlled to maintain an optimum cyanide level as demanded by the metallurgy of the ore being treated.Ore prepPreparation of the ore is necessary so that it can be presented to the aqueous cyanide solution in a form that will tick off the optimal economic recuperation of the gold. The first step in ore preparation is crush and grinding, which reduces the tinge size of the ore and liberates the gold for recovery.Ore that contains acquit gold may not yield a sufficiently high recovery by fix use of cyanide take, due to a very long dissolution time for large gold particles. Such ore may first be subject to a gravity recovery process to recover the free gold before being subjected to cyanide peeling.Gold bearing ores that contain gold assoc iated with sulphide or coulombaceous minerals require additional treatment, otherwise than size reduction, prior to gold recovery. Gold recovery from sulphide ore is despicable because the cyanide preferentially leaches the sulphide minerals rather than the gold, and cyanide is consumed by the physical composition of thiocyanate. These ores be subject to a concentration processes such as flotation, followed by a secondary process to oxidize the sulphides, thereby limiting their fundamental interaction with the cyanide during the gold leach. Carbonaceous minerals sorb gold once solubilised oxidizing the ore prior to leach prevents this. To counter this affect, the leaching process may also be modified by the addition of trigger off atomic number 6 to preferentially adsorb the gold.Leaching with Aqueous Cyanide SolutionsWhen gold is leached in an aqueous cyanide solution it forms a gold-cyanide complex by oxidizing with an oxidant such as dissolved group O and cyanide comple xation. This complex is very stable and the cyanide required is only slightly in excess of the stoichiometric requirement. However, in apply the amount of cyanide used in leach solutions is located by the presence of other cyanide consumers, and the need to increase the rate of leaching to acceptable levels.Typical cyanide concentrations used in practice range from 300 to ergocalciferol mg/l (0.03 to 0.05% as NaCN) depending on the mineralogy of the ore. The gold is recovered by means of either heap leaching or foment pulp leaching.In heap or trench leaching the ore or agglomerated fine ore is stacked in dozens on a pad lined with an impermeable membrane. Cyanide solution is introduced to the heap by sprinklers or a drip irrigation system. The solution percolates by dint of the heap leaching the gold from the ore, and the resultant gold bearing solution is collected on the impermeable membrane and channelled to storage facilities for further processing. plentitude leaching is attractive due to the low capital cost involved, but is a slow process and the gold extraction susceptibility is a relatively low 50-75%.In a conventional milling and agitated leaching tour of duty, the ore is milled in semi-autogenously ball or rod move until it is the consistency of powder. The slurry is conveyed to a series of leach tanks. The slurry is agitated in the leach tanks, either mechanisedly or by means of air injection, to increase the contact of cyanide and oxygen with the gold and enhance the efficiency of the leach process. The cyanide then dissolves gold from the ore and forms a stable gold-cyanide complex.The use of oxygen or peroxy compounds instead of air as an oxidant increases the leach rate and decreases cyanide consumption, due to the inactivation of some of the cyanide consuming species present in the slurry.The pH of the slurry is raised to pH 10-11 use lime, at the indicate of the leach circuit to ensure that when cyanide is added, toxic hydrogen cyanide gas is not generated and the cyanide is kept in solution to dissolve the gold. The slurry may also be subject to other preconditioning such as pre-oxidation at the head of the circuit before cyanide is added.Highly activated carbon is used in the dissolved gold recovery process, either by introducing it directly into the CIL (carbon-in-leach) tanks or into separate CIP (carbon-in-pulp) tanks after leaching. The activated carbon adsorbs the dissolved gold from the leach slurry thereby concentrating it onto a smaller mass of solids. The carbon is then separated from the slurry by screening and subjected to further treatment to recover the adsorbed gold.When carbon is not used to adsorb the dissolved gold in the above-mentioned leach slurry, the gold bearing solution must be separated from the solids components utilizing filtration or thickening units. The resultant solution, referred to as fraught(p) solution, is subjected to further treatment (other than by carbon absorption ) to recover the dissolved gold.The snitch from which the gold was removed by any means is referred to as residue or tailings material. The residue is either dewatered to recover the solution, treated to neutralize or recover cyanide, or is sent directly to the tailing storage facility. recovery of Dissolved GoldGold is recovered from the solution first using either cementation on zinc powder or concentrating the gold using adsorption on activated carbon, followed by elution and concluding with either cementation with zinc or electro winning. For efficient cementation, a clear solution prep ared by filtration or counter current decantation is required.The most cost-effective process is to constitute adsorption of the dissolved gold onto activated carbon, resulting in an easier solid-solid separation establish on size. To achieve this the ore particles must typically be smaller than 100 m while the carbon particles must be larger than 500 m. Adsorption is achieved by contacting th e activated carbon with the agitated pulp. This can be done while the gold is still being leached with the CIL-process, or pursuance leaching with the CIP-process. The CIL-process offers the advantage of countering the adsorption of gold on carbonaceous or shale ore particles, but is more expensive due to less efficient adsorption, increase gold inventory and increased fouling and pelf of the carbon.Activated carbon in contact with a pulp containing gold can typically recover more than 99.5% of the gold in the solution in 8 to 24 hours, depending on the reactivity of the carbon, the amount of carbon used and the mixers efficiency. The loaded carbon is then separated from the pulp by screens that are air or hydro dynamically swept, thus preventing blinding by the near sized carbon particles. The pulp residue is then either thickened to separate the cyanide containing solution for recovery/destruction of the cyanide, or sent directly to the tailings storage facility from which the c yanide containing solution is recycled to the leach plant.The gold adsorbed on the activated carbon is recovered from the carbon by elution, typically with a calorifacient caustic aqueous cyanide solution. The carbon is then regenerated and returned to the adsorption circuit while the gold is recovered from the eluate using either zinc cementation or electro winning. If it contains significant amounts of base metals, the gold concentrate is then either calcined or directly smelted and refined to gold bullion that typically contains about 70 90% gold. The bullion is then further refined to 99.99% fineness using smelting, chlorination, and electro-refining. High purity gold is taken directly from activated carbon eluates, using recently developed processes that utilize solvent extraction techniques to produce intensive leaching of gravity concentrates 2.Agitation leaching-ApplicationsCommonly applied to a wide range of ore casefuls, agitation leaching has been in use for well(p) o ver 200 years. Leaching is typically performed in steel tanks, and the solids are kept in suspension by air or mechanical agitation. Air agitation in carried out in conical-bottomed leach tanks (Browns or Pachuca tanks) was widely practiced in the early years of cyanidation but has been overtaken in recent times by more efficient mechanical agitation with reduced energy requirements and improved mixing efficiency. Well-designed systems can approach perfectly mixed flow conditions in a single reactor, which help to hone reply kinetics and make the most of available leaching equipment. subdivision size.The material to be leached is ground to a size that optimizes gold recovery and communition costs. In a few cases, whole ore is being ground to very less particle sizes for optimal processing, either by aerophilic pre-treatment and/or leaching. Agitation leaching is rarely applied to material at great coarse sizes because it becomes increasingly difficult to keep coarse solids in s uspension, and abrasion rates increase. Increasingly, agitation leaching is being considered to treat very alright ground materials and, with the advances in ultrafine milling equipment have been ground to lesser particle sizes to liberate gold contained in refractory along with the sulphide mineral matrices prior to processing by agitation leaching and/or oxidative pre-treatment.Slurry density.Leaching is usually performed at slurry densities of between 35%and 50% solids, depending on the solids specific gravity, particle size, and the presence of minerals that affect slurry viscosity (e.g., clays). Mass transport phenomena are maximized at low slurry densities however, solids retention time in a fixed volume of leaching equipment increases as the density increases. In addition, reagent consumptions are minimized by maximizing slurry density, since optimal concentrations can be achieved at lower dosages, because of the smaller volume of solution per unit mass of material. passing of pHAlkali, required for slurry pH modification and control, must always be added before cyanide addition to provide protective alkalinity, which prevents excessive expiry of cyanide by hydrolysis. Most leaching systems operate between pH 10 and 11. Staged addition of alkali may be required throughout the leaching circuit to maintain the desired operating pH, peculiarly when treating ores containing alkali-consuming materials. pH control is achieved by manual or automatic (on-line) standard at various stages in the process. calcium hydrated oxide (slaked lime, Ca (OH),), or sodium hydroxide can be used for pH modification. Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is the cheaper of the two but is less soluble and produces solutions that are frequently more susceptible to salt precipitation and scale formation. Unslaked lime (CaO) is used occasionally because it is less costly than slaked lime, but it is less effective for pH modification.For nonacidic- or non-alkali-consuming ores, calc ium hydroxide concentrations of 0.15 to 0.25 g/L are typically required to achieve the desired pH range for leaching (i.e., pH 10 to 11). This represents typical lime consumptions of 0.15 to 0.5 kg/tonne for non-acidic ores. Sodium hydroxide is known to be more effective than calcium hydroxide at dissolving a variety of minerals, particularly at high alkalinities, and it is a highly effective dispersant. This may result in the dissolution of ore constituents, such as silicates, to produce various solution species, which can after precipitate in a number of undesirable forms, potentially alter downstream processes, including filtration, gold precipitation, or carbon adsorption. Consequently, calcium hydroxide is generally the preferred method of pH control in agitated leaching systems.CyanideCyanide may be added to agitated leaching systems either prior to the leaching circuit, that is, during grinding, or in the first stage of leaching. subsequent reagent additions can be made into later stages of leaching to maintain or boost cyanide concentrations to maximize gold dissolution. In the absence of cyanide-consuming minerals in the ore or concentrate to be leached, cyanide concentrations used in practice range from 0.05 to 0.5 g/L NaCN, and typically between 0.15 to 0.30 g/L NaCN. Typical cyanide consumptions observed in agitated leaching systems for free-milling ores start out from about 0.25 to 0.75 kg/t. In cases where the feed material contains significant amounts of cyanide consumers and/or high silver content (i.e., 20 g/tonne), higher cyanide concentrations may be applied, that is, 2 to 10 g/L NaCN. In such cases, cyanide consumptions may vary from 1 to 2 kg/t, and in some cases much higher, depending on the nature and amount of cyanide-consuming minerals. Cyanide concentrations are usually monitored by manual titration techniques or less commonly by on-line cyanide analyzers, based on titrimetric, colorimetric, potentiometric, and ion-specific electro de techniques.Oxygen mental objectOxygen is typically introduced into leaching systems as air, either sparged into tanks as the primary method of agitation, or supplied purely for aeration. In either case, crude sparging systems are usually sufficient to provide satisfactory bubble dispersion and to ensure that adequate dissolved oxygen concentrations are maintained. Typically, the amount of dissolved oxygen concentrations can be maintained at, or even slightly above, calculate saturation levels with air sparging. The optimum sparging system depends on the geometry of the leach tanks. For example, conical-bottomed Pachuca tanks with single sparging points (common South African practice prior to about 1980) and flat-bottomed leach tanks with multiple sparging points, or simple down-the-agitator-shaft addition, have all been used. In a few cases, particularly when treating ores that contain oxygen-consuming minerals, pure oxygen 5 or hydrogen peroxide 4 have been added to increase d issolved oxygen concentrations above those possible with simple air sparging systems.Residence time. Residence time requirements vary depending on the leaching characteristics of the material treated and must be determined by test work. Leaching times applied in practice vary from a few hours to several days. Leaching is usually performed in 4 to 10 stages, with the individual stage volume and number of stages dependent on the slurry flow rate, required residence time, and efficiency of mixing equipment used.Counter-current leaching.Leaching efficiency can be enhanced by the application of Le Chateliers principle. In summary, the lower the concentration of gold in solution, the greater the driving personnel office for gold dissolution to occur, although in a mass transport controlled reaction it is debatable what role this plays in gold leaching. An alternative explanation for this phenomenon is the rechargeable adsorption of gold cyanide onto the ore constituents. The gold adsor ption is reversed when the solution is supplantd for a lower grade solution or when a material (such as activated carbon or suitable ion exchange resin) is introduced into the slurry, which actively competes for the Aurum cyanide species. This effect can be exploited in practice by performing intermediate solid-liquid separation steps during leaching to remove high-grade gold solutions, and rediluting the solids in the remaining slurry with lower-grade leach solution and/or with freshwater plus reagents. Successful applications of this principle have been used at the Pinson and Chimney Creek, Nevada (United States), and East Driefontein (South Africa) plants, and at other operations 6, 7.At many operating gold plants, an increase in gold extraction is observed when a leach slurry can be move outred from one type of process equipment to another (i.e., between leach tanks, thickeners, filters, pumps, and pipelines).This can be explained by the different mixing mechanisms in the diff erent equipment, coupled with other factors, such as changes in slurry percent solids, changes in solution composition, and the effects of pumping transfer (i.e., plug flow mixing).Likewise, the benefits of the carbon-in-leach (CIL) process compared with leaching and carbon-in-pulp (CIP) have been clearly present both experimentally and in practice, even without the presence of interfering constituents in the ore8. The CIL process results in improved conditions for gold dissolution3.