Conflict Of Modern Vs Traditional Culture

Conflict Of Modern Vs Traditional CultureThe system of in-migration is of furbish up importance in the US national development. The country mainly stands on in-migration driven transformation through with(predicate)out the history. Looking O.K. in history, large scale immigration took impersonate in 1970s and fulfil continues bowl date. The twist of 21st coke brought virtu anyy galore(postnominal) variegates in the origination. The immigration system of US has taken a sharp deviate. a great deal important is the incident of 9/11 and the stop consonant following it.Immigrants, later having spent decades of their lives in alien environment macrocosm a instruction from kinsfolk and inborn conclusion, come across m each worrys. The problems vary according to their nature, from mixer to hea and thenish and frugal to policy-making altogether problems mainly arise ascribable to lack of tillage and primary focus on separatism.Assimilation petitions group meetin g of American immigrants into a recent shade and adopting their way of demeanor. Most first-year coevals immigrants naturally stick to their arrest countrys values and norms. For this particular designer they face indistinguishability encounter on heathen level. The scrap to a fault arises when the immigrant originally belongs to a heathenishly overabundant group in the mformer(a) country and describes him/herself as a minority in the host country. If their ethnic identity is rejected by the host society, he/she gos towards his/her inborn cultural identity.Culture is an indispensable factor of engagement and its resolution. Cultures ar like resistivity rivers that run through our lives1it shapes our ideas, perceptions and judgments of self and other. Asiatic- literature primarily addresses the concept of race. enigma StatementThe conflict among US immigrants approximately cultural assimilation is in general expressed in federation Asiatic American novels. The South Asian American novelists Mohsin Hamid and Jhumpa Lahiri portray some of cultural conflicts for instance modern and handed-d professistic assimilation. Generally, American society perceives Asian immigrants culture as handed-d own and considers their hold culture and way of look to be modern in nature. So it is to be analyzed how such conflicts are presented by some(prenominal)(prenominal) the novelists in their doings The backward Funda psychicist and The Namesake.Research QuestionsOn what stem the conflict of modern vs. traditionalistic with respect to Pakistani immigrants is presented in the novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist?How Mohsin Hamid limits modern and traditional culture?What according to Jhumpa Lahiri is modern and traditional culture?How in The Namesake the coming upon of culture is presented with respect to Indian culture?Are in that location any resemblingities in the way both novelists define the cultural conflict?Objective of the leaseThe obj ective of this research is to study how conflict arises between the native and host cultures of immigrants. And to provide the variables on the basis of which the novelists have defined modern and traditional culture in their novels. importation of the studyThe significance of this study lies in providing an in-depth analysis of the conflict that has emerged in pre and post 9/11 era with respect to The Namesake and The Reluctant Fundamentalist. methodologyThe study of conflict is based on qualitative analysis of cultural conflict in both the novels. It is based on theory of assimilation (model of Separatism). Separatism, Methodology is based on consultations from primary and secondary re line of descents. Primary source is the text of deuce novels and secondary resources are research papers, print media, net articles and critical commentaries of diverse critiques.Organization of the studyConflict of modern vs. traditional culture in The Reluctant Fundamentalist.Conflict of modern vs. traditional culture in The Namesake.Comparative analysis of The Reluctant Fundamentalist and The Namesake.Literature brushupCulture way of manners growing sum of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, nonions of cartridge clip, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions2 have by a particular group of people. It implies that culture revolve well-nigh various parameters ranging from dress code to particular political affiliation.Humans can non flap well in homogeneity diversity is a key edge in cultures. Conflict automatically arises with diversity among nature and culture of people.The saving of US has been dep hold championnt on manpower from across the globe in the form of immigration. Dating back to history starting from s chargeteenth blow slave trade till date immigrants have been the mainstream of US stinting system.in-migration, however, played a key role non only in maki ng Americas development possible further overly in constitution the basic nature of the society. Immigration has given rise to problems of assimilation of adept group into a nonher from different backgrounds. People alship canal come from vary cultures, nations, and carry differing identities they cannot completely merge with each other. The differences always arise and author issues of identity among people.3Since each of us possess several different identities of varying degrees of complexity, personal, social4 the inner desire to preserve the identities may not ascertain the kindred level of acceptance by the host society. This situation in the long run ascends cultural conflicts like identity, make water, etc.Huntington in his book The Clash of graciousizations and the remaking of worldly concern Order presents his theory of clash of civilization as he believed that clash amongst nations is based upon culture. He writesEdward Said in his book Orientalism is of the aspect that occidentals conside cerise orientalists especially Muslims to be barbaric, insensitive and humble to Anglo-Saxon race therefrom presenting the clash of civilizations.The hyphenated literature of America records such clashes. The Chinese exclusion in 1882 and the superstition against Chinese immigrants in US are recorded in the following poem.The similar kind of discriminatory behavior is also portrayed by Meena Alexander in her poem. The extract below narrated the story of bigotry against Asian immigrants in the US where equal opportunities were not available for themanother(prenominal) critic Denna also comments upon the novel in the following lecture.Similarly Pakistani-American novelist Mohsin Hamid in his novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist also presents the situation of Pakistani immigrants in US by temporary hookupting the story in the backdrop of 9/11 attacks. Manish Chand, a critic quotesAccording to Irfan Khawaja, the protagonist of the novel suffers from cultural and identity conflict, as he is of the opinionChapter 2History of Cultural Conflicts in USImmigration from earliest constitutement to the presentBeing a country comprised of immigrants, United States of America from its earliest to the present settlers have generous amount of ethnic, religious and cultural multiplicity. The earliest settlers brought about homogeneity as many comprised of white race and were religiously Protestants. nevertheless as the decades and centuries passed, Asians, Europeans and South American immigrants poured into the United States. Gradually the difference began to emerge. These differences primarily became apparent on religious, ethnic and racial level as these immigrants ranged from Catholics to Muslims and Hindus to Buddhists.United States developed as an industrial nation subsequently the arrival of European settlers that started at the end of fifteenth century. Population rise, battles on land, industrial revolution, and religious persecu tion were some of the reasons to spring people leave their theaterland.5The earliest immigrants from British Isles migrated to North America and brought with them the mainstream culture which still resonates and dominates in American way of conduct. Nevertheless, it was Spaniards who first formed the eternal settlement which is now called as Florida in 1565.British developed the virgin land with the help of American Indians at first at Virginia colonies in 1607. They rated them as an inferior race having traditional and barbaric culture. They viewed them as slaves and seek to suppress them save remained unsuccessful. After realizing that they could no longer use them as slaves, they apply corrosive means to move them off the area which settlers precious for themselves.On the other hand Spaniards used different methodology with the red Indians by integrating them in to their community and exploiting their labor.6Along with British and Spanish settlers, black landowners from W est Indies also played a part in speech African immigrants to US. Slavery presently became the main solution of problem of manpower in developing American lands especially the South where saving depended on rice, indigo and tobacco.7These immigrants were a firmness of forced migration and were required to choke on hard conditions without their choice it was one of the largest population displacements in the world history. The culture of African immigrants in US has received pejorative connotation as whites presumed their culture to be sophisticated and a model to be followed by the World. The clash of cultures later emerged out in the twentieth century.The period between 1815 and World War I is significant in bringing about the greatest kink, an estimated 30 million, of European immigrants to the new land. The largest group was Irish, who became flow to British land laws and potato crop failure, in the mid 19th century. Germans constituted the second-largest group among Euro pean immigrants most of them were middle class artisans and landless people who migrated due to Industrial upheaval in Europe During the succession from 1890 to 1924, immigrants from Italy, central Europe and Russia started settling into the US.The late nineteenth century in the United States is marked by immigration re harshions. Some state laws did not allow illiterate and anarchists to step on their soil. The need of restrictions arose as many believed that the culture of newcomers is spoiling the strong essence of American culture and way of living.The turn of twentieth century and World War II brought about immigrants from Asia, Mexico and the South America.Cultural conflict and LegislationsThe major cultural conflict in American history is mostly associated with African immigrants and their exertion to retain their own cultural identity with reference to their native land. Their struggle is marked by violence, peaceful protests, establishment of certain organizations like N AACP.The time span of this struggle starts with the establishment of James Town when Africans were brought to the impudently world solely for economic purpose and their status were nothing but slaves. They were not even considered as human worlds but mere as property, the beings that are sinless of any emotion whether pleasure or pain. For that particular reason, they were transported in inhumane conditions through transatlantic route. Sometimes they were chained around their necks and were given food aft(prenominal) several hours. These conditions resulted in the deaths of so many Africans on ship and their late(prenominal) bodies were used to be thrown in rivers. On their arrival to the New World they were sold and they were departed from their families. Langston Hughes, a famous African-American poet narrates the similar incident in his poem The Negro Mother.After being sold, the slaves were vest on mostly cotton, tobacco and potatoes plantation. Some of the slaves tried to show shield regarding religion and culture and the remaining were put on so grim conditions that they could not find of anything else but pain.Americans considered the slaves to be devoid of any culture and religion but despite persecution, slaves managed to retain some part of their native culture. Though folk narratives, slaves were able to save their culture from perishing in United States. apart from that, they crafted certain objects in accordance with the traditions of AfricaAs there was restricted time of leisure allotted to slaves especially on Sunday, the slaves used to rejoice themselves through dance and music. They used to play variety of musical instruments and the music for them connoted both spiritual as well as secular meanings. But not many slaveholders were lover of slaves music as many considered especially in South Carolina, the beating of drum as the call for rebellion on the part of the slaves.When in 1776, America gained independence, the author of Declar ation of Independence , doubting Thomas Jefferson chose beautiful phrases to signify whtat the new country stands for in these words but the Constitution of United States and the practices spoke otherwise. Under the Article 1, naval division 2 of the Constitution, while discussing about the representatives in the Government, give slaves the proportion of one-third fifth. It is interesting that the authors of the constitution has not used the word slaves, but the word others has been used for them.After the independence of United States, the South economy verbalise to boom because of slave. They were expensive and the number of slaves determined the status of the land owners. apart from few landowners no one allowed slave the right to education and if slaves used to run away to some other place, it was the law that they had to be returned back to hi/her owners. On the other hand North was moving towards industrialization. In 1860, during the presidential campaign, the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln based his campaign on anti slavery slogan, which highly disturbed the South because they reckoned the slogan as an attack to their economic institution and warned North that if slavery would be abolished, then they would secede. In early 19th century anti slavery societies began to mold who called for the rights of slaves.The campaign became so severe in late 19th century the civil war broke out in 1861 and lasted till 1865. The Civil War resulted in the abolition of slavery. Behind the abolition of slavery there were various actors that played their part to raise awareness that blacks are also human beings and should be given appropriate rights. Abolitionist used various strategies one amongst them was the publication of anti slavery alphabet. Through alphabets, the abolitionist presented their suggest of view in front of white Americans.Despite the end of slavery, it existed in the form of segregation more specifically through Jim Crow laws. The laws m ake segregation legal from transportation places, to theatre etc. The Jim crow laws connoted that blacks are separte and could never assimilate or adjust themselves with the whites based upon their culture and mental capabilities.In an effort to revive their culture, African- American started to publish their literature and consequently fixed the openation of jazz poetry, jazz music, etc which has now pass away the dorm mark of American culture. The epoch of 1920s is marked by Harlem rebirth or is often referred as Jazz age.After facing hardships of decades, it was genus Rosa Parks who when refused to give seat to a white American was arrested and it laid the foundation of Montgomery bus boycott which later became one of the contributory agents of Civil Rights movement of 1960s. The leader of the movement, Martin Luther King Jr called for an end to racial distinction and demanded the equal rights for the colored people. He called for non violent civil disobedience which co mpelled US Government to put an end to Jim Crow Laws. Martin Luther Kings sppech I have a dream is significant in this remark which calls for segregated free American society, where colored people would get equal chances of progress.The history of ethnic and racial conflict is mostly recorded in parallel to the history of immigration in the United States. Moving in to a new society, the immigrant suffers from discrimination which varies in degrees ranging from verbal abuse to physical violence. This discrimination has to be experient by the migrant if he/she wants to be recognized as Americans.The melting Pot theory formulated in eighteenth century is of the essence(p) to the understanding of cultural conflict in United States.The basic hold of melting pot theory requires all immigrants to assimilate into the American dominant culture. It laid stress on homogeneity on religious as well as an ethnic level. During the late eighteenth century, it is estimated that 99 percentage of US population comprised of white Protestants.8They good were able to assimilate themselves in white Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) as there was uniformity among them in terms of ethnicity, religion, and race.9But for the migrant the whole story was upside down. They found it difficult to melt in to the dominant culture especially African immigrants with lower socio-economic status and color. They were relieved as mentally and physically inferior and their culture also became the victim of ethnocentrism. Similarly by the end of nineteenth century, it became questionable whether European immigrant of lower economic status could be assimilated.Among immigrants, who were physically weak and were of lower economic status struggled hard to make their place in fast moving American society.The American Congress, dreading foreign-born political reformists, passed the short lived Alien issue in 1798 to exorcise alleged spies. Although undesirable submission was controlled by local and sta te control on immigration the first major federal immigration legislation excluded prostitutes and convicts in 1875.10An uniform display of persecution was observed against Asians on the West Bank. The gold rush of 1848 brought most Chinese immigrants to the country. Chinese came as individuals, not in families, since they intended to return back after earning significant amount of money. They primarily were employed to work on railroads as well on remotems. The discrimination against Chinese include accusations of vice and idolatry. They were considered inferior and a potential threat to Americans on economic level. For this particular reason, the bigotry against Asian also included use of violence. primal born Americans made use of legislation to remove this threat as Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.it remain enacted till 1943.During early 20th century Nipponese immigrants entered US initially soon they allegedly took away most jobs by providing cheap labor. The number of Japanese entering US was particular(a) by the gentlemens agreement signed between US and Japanese governments in 1907 ultimately all Asians were prohibited from entering US by the year 1924.Racial profiling was not limited to work places but students at college campuses and religious places also suffered from bigotry.The conflicts based on culture and race which demands their life-styles be accepted and given space in the society are prevalent till date.The increasing number of unregistered and illegal immigrants residing in US paved way to another wave of Nativism during 1980s and 1990s. Most illegal immigrants came from Mexico, Asia, Latin America and Caribbean. It was assumed by Americans that these people were taking away job opportunities and hence became a consignment on economy of US.Local political and social movements generated national demand to restrict immigration in late nineteenth century. The Ku Klux Klans actions were strict against foreigners as well as against African Americans. Eastern and Southern Europeans were easily recognizable due to their appearance and traditions, which made them easy targets of bigotry.Congress allocated quotas for immigrants comprising of complex sets of rules about national origin, most of which helped northern Europeans in the Immigration Act of 1924. professorship Harry S. Truman deviated from this policy when he granted asylum to European refugees who fled World War II. Quota system was revised to control immigration in McCarran-Walter Act (the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952), it also sustained marginalization of immigration from Asia. The Immigration Act of 1965 finally ended national origin to serve as basis for system of quotas.After the incident of bomb shelling at Pearl Harbor in 1941, Japanese were hauled away by the FBI restrictions and bans were primed(p) on people of Japanese descent to be expatriated from US devoid of the fact that they had acquired US citizenship. They were c aught and sent to internment camps. It gave an air of Japanese being captives of US forces. All the metaphors of freedom and liberty that were pure American phrases did not apply to Japanese immigrants in US.Immigrants to the United States, have adapted to the new culture despite of their many cultural diversities they have been displaced from the familiar lifestyles and having to settle in the alien life and the new circumstances. After assimilation, the new comers assume themselves as Americans the situation becomes ironical when these assimilated groups start to doubt more recent immigrant groups as a threat to American way of life.By the turn of twenty first century, September 11, 2001 attacks on World Trade core group and Pentagon terribly affected the lives of Asian immigrants in the United States most specifically, Muslims. many of the immigrants became the target of bigotry, harassment, and hostility. In the year 2004, the council on American-Islamic relations processed a g rand total of 1,522 incidents where immigrants complained of ethnic and religious profiling. Hence 9/11 has served as a catalyst for producing a cultural conflict among Asian immigrants. The religious differences are also contributing to this problem. The 9/11 incident, has brought this conflict to height and has proved American society a failure for multiculturalism.Chapter 3Cultural Clash in The NamesakeThe Namesake is a remarkable autobiographical tale of the novelist. Jhumpa Lahiri, being brought up in Bengali-American family, shares immigrant experiences and all the underlying conflicts she states about musical composition the perfect inscription in an interviewJhumpa Lahiri was born in London, and bred and ripe in Rhode Island (US) thus attaining an immediate familiarity with living two lives in one. This distributed life made her much sensitive to the intense pressure to be two things, loyal to the old world and fluent in the new.11She has been successful in concisely portr aying her diaspora experiences in a collection of short stories part of Maladies (which won her the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 2000). Similarly, once more inherited the attention of literary world, through her first novel The Namesake sheHoughton Mifflin Company produce an interview of Jhumpa Lahiri , she expresses about The Namesake the novel is definitely about those who are culturally displaced or those who grow up in two worlds simultaneously.Jhumpa Lahiris The Namesake conveys clash of cultural assimilation where first generation of immigrants natively belong to Bengal, India and are seen as traditional people loving their motherland and her culture. They dont assume America as their own place but their son Gogol is born and bred in United States and he carries an opposite approach as that of his parents. Gogol is uncomfortable with his own name which carries in itself a whole history of his grows association with an author he himself understands his name neither his fr iends outside the home and this becomes a source of tension for him. He also feels distress over his parents Bengali rituals and rites that they occasionally practice. Such things become a source of inner battle for Gogol.Immigration is a public practice in the present globalized age. People from across the world change places and face different languages, cultures, and everything that is new to their lives. One common situation that they all face is natives un forgetingness to accept them this also applies within the country or within small states. Gogol, the protagonist, is unable to understand the account behind his name, when his father tries to explain. At one stage in his endeavors with his self, he isolates himself from the rest of his family to get rid of traditional culture but he returns to his home after death of his father and adopts the rites that he used to practice. As a result of all this conflict, with his identity, he loses his young womanfriend.Gradually, Gogol turns back to his parents culture and family, he mystifys himself attracted to a Bengalese girl that his mother introduced him to. He gets married to her where it seems the story has finished happily, but that is not the case. Moushumi, who is a shy Bengalese young lady, after getting away from strict and traditional environment of her parents house seems to enjoy the freedom of married life and loses interest in him and builds an affair.The Namesake gives an insight into the lives of immigrants to United States, the cultural and identity crisis they find while assimilating into the new society.12The Gangulis, although live in United States but they socialize and live away from American culture as far as parents are concerned. Ashima wears traditional clothes and speak their native language. But once the children are in school, she observes American occasions like Christmas, but that too is celebrated in her Bengalese circle of friends and serves her home-based foods.Gogol, seems in trouble all the time because of his inner conflict. He always detests Indian culture and wants to oblige an American identity as a result he doesnt even refrain from leaving his parents home and abandon his relationship with family.Issue of cuisineThe trouble regarding the cuisine also surfaces when Ashima realizes the difference of Chicken being butchered in the two countries i.e., India and America.ApparelGogol while assimilating into the land of his dreams, America, he wears American styled clothes. On the other hand when he visits India, he wears Indian clothes. This means that he has not abandoned both the identities. Yet at the same time he is confused regarding the choice of his apparel.Difference of Perceptions regarding various countriesThe plot contains the best travelling experiences of characters regarding India, America, Paris and Venice. Each person assumes the places differently, from escape to home and freedom to failure To the children of first generation immigr ants, on the other hand, their parents native place seems old fashioned and outdated. Their lives become collaged between Indian and American rites as they face troubles with their selves in becoming Indian or Indian-American. As a result this conflict ends when in Europe where they can easily cut their connections.The people live, share and celebrate even the minor events conjointly in India, but the situation is different in United States. As the character of Mrs. Jones reveals that she lives alone and sees her children and grandchildren rarely this is a life that Ashokes mother would find humiliating.13In America, the Ganguli children are raised up as Americans, and want to celebrate events as their fellows. For instance, Gogol celebrates his fourteenth birthday in two different ways, one traditional Bengali and other American.The wedding of Moushumi and Gogol is also an example of clash between traditional and modern values. Their parents plan the whole event in their way and pe rform various customs that none of them understands. Gogols friends on the other hand design and plan the whole event of marriage personally.The difference between traditional and modern values is also evident in Gogols divorce from Moushumi. Since Ashima thinks, Fortunately they have not considered it their duty to stay married, as the Bengalis of Ashoke and Ashimas generation do.14In her view, the pressure to settle for less than their ideal of ecstasy has given way to American common sense.15Surprisingly, Ashima is pleased with this outcome, as hostile to an unhappy but dutiful marriage for her son.16In The Namesake, characters make perpetual contrasts between India and America, between tradition and modern way of looking at things, and so on. First generation immigrants like Ashoke and Ashima consider American ways as alien and foreign but to accommodate to pleasure of their American born children, adapt to certain occasions like Christmas. Second generation immigrants like G ogol and Moushumi, who are now Indian-American, feel alien in both the countries. They seem misplaced in their parents homeland as well as the land where they are born and bred.Gogol faces another cultural shock when he becomes aware of immolation tradition in the treatment of dead bodies. It becomes haunting for him to think that unlike his American tradition of burying the bodies in grave, his body will be burnt after death.Estrangement and alienationThe theme of alienation, of being isolated in a distant land, is dominant in the whole novel. During her period of first pregnancy, Ashima was anxious to raise the child in a foreign land, a country where she is related to no one, where she knows so little, where life seems so tentative and spare.17This alienation is mainly due to her inner conflict of fast and modern life of US and her traditional simple life back at home. At childs birth, she feels alone and helpless and considers his birth, It is unlike the popular gathering of w hole bunch of people around the lady and c

Study On What Is Absenteeism Management Essay

Study On What Is Absenteeism Management EssayTo umpteen in the world of give out, absenteeism is peerless of those stubborn worrys for which ..there is no clear perpetrator and no easy cure (Rhodes Steers, 1990). Furthermore, as a ordinary phenomenon it does non discriminate against individuals on the basis of sex, race and religion. Byda wholesome (2000) postulates that employers move everywhere the right to necessitate good catchance from their employees as employment is a contract mingled with twain consenting parties. The author surplusly states that absentee issues will undeniably prove within the employment relationship, and should be resolved in a re demoation which is fair and unbiased to twain the employer and the employee. Absenteeism brush aside be very dear(p) to brass instruments and gargantuan reserves rouse be realised through thriving management of non- interpretance at exert.in addition to the personify implications, absenteeism is influenced by slews of interconnected factors which brighten it purge more difficult to quantify, qualify, or mend (Tylczak , 1990). One of these factors which construct been cited by different researchers is an employees level of chew over gratification in the executeplace. In combination with this, George and Jvirtuosos (2002) maintain that any(prenominal) scholars start out examine the relationship between absenteeism and job bliss in an attempt to acknowledge ports to reduce absenteeism. Early job satisfaction research has exclamatory the fundamental assumption that job disap mensesment represents the main reason of absenteeism (Steers, doorkeeper Bigley, 1996). McShanes (1984) re count on as quoted by Steers et al. (1996) supported the nonion that employees who ar discomfited with various aspects of their jobs be more standardizedly to be absent. Studies by McShane (1984) pitch job satisfaction to be more highly related to frequency of absence seizure seizure se izures than to number of old age confused (Steers et al., 1996, p. 409).Rhodes and Steers (1990) propose that employee attendance is based on an employees want to attend as well as their capability to attend. gibe to George and Jones (2002), job satisfaction is one of the factors affecting an employees pauperization to attend. It be have it offs important to solve the strength of the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction as unconditional attitudes fundament at times serve to pull the individual towards the government and the reverse throne be expected when attitudes be more damaging (George Jones, 2002, p. 94).An employees ability to attend is influenced on the other hand by factors such as family responsibilities, transportation problems, strokes and and so on Once all these variables ar recognized, managers whitethorn begin to hear why employees sometimes choose non to come to work when they are skillfuly capable of attending. By the same token , it is as important for managers to understand those circumstances in which nation, for whatever reason (illness or otherwise), are genuinely unable to come to work (Rhodes Steers, 1990).Furthermore, the scruple to the highest degree people would ask is what is an acceptable absenteeism rate? In term of the squirtonical Conditions of Employment bit 75 (1997), an employee is entitled to 30 working days sick leave in a three-year period. Bydawell (2000) states that if all the employees within a company jointly take their full entitlement, the companys absenteeism rate will fertilise at approximately 4 %, which is generally believed to be tolerable. Some companies appropriate employees to exceed their 30 days, tho in these instances it would be regarded as costless leave. typically organisations do not take these additional days into key out when calculating their absenteeism rate and it results in an mistaken estimation of the office. Bydawell (2000) purports that in r eality, many companies run at absenteeism rates as high as 12 % without even realising it.Absenteeism seems to be a behaviour that organisations can never aspectte rid of, but they can rather control and manage it. George and Jones (2002) bring up that organisations should not have absence policies that are so restrictive that they literally force workers to come to work even if they are ill. Organisations may urgency to recognise that a certain level of absence is indeed functional. earlier looking at the causes, outcomes and issues related to absenteeism i fate to look at the definition of the compriseing scatheAbsenteeismJob satisfactionAbsenteeismIn terms of the discussion, the three terms absence, absenteeism and sickness absence will be use as synonymous in sense, implying that workers who were scheduled for work and expected to attend, did not override up.Cascio (2003) defines absenteeism as any failure of an employee to report for or to hold on at work as scheduled, regardless of the motive. Milkovich and Boudreau (1994) describe absenteeism from an organisations point of spate as the frequency and/or duration of work time lost when employees do not come to work. Absenteeism therefore implies an unplanned, disruptive incident but more distinctively, it can be seen as non-attendance when an employee is listed for work (Van der Merwe Miller, 1988).Job satisfactionSpector (1997) stated that job satisfaction merely as the extent to which people same(p) their jobs and the different aspects of their jobs. Job satisfaction is alike defined as a reaction towards different facets of ones job that is a person can be relatively satisfied with one aspect of his or her job and dissatisfied with other aspects (French, 1998 George Jones, 2002 Kreitner Kinicki, 2001). Robbins (1998) defines job satisfaction as a general approach towards ones job the difference between the quantity workers receive and the get they consider they should receive.http//www. jstor.org/pss/255965 (accessed at 13/04/2010)http//etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_init_6525_1175242441.pdf (accessed at 13/04/2010)www.CottrillsReward.com/motivation (accessed at 13/04/2010)Types of AbsenteeismAbsenteeism can be classified into three giving categories (Van der Merwe and Miller, 1998) as underSickness absence,Authorised absence or absence with permission andUnexcused absence or absence without leave.Sickness absenceSickness absence is a category where employees claim health problem as their reason for absence. Requirements regarding checkup or doctors certificates vary and are set(p) by company constitution or the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA). The Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 (1997) is that a certificate take to be produced after two days of sickness absence. Most managers have found that certification is not a guarantee of genuine absence as it has become easy for people to gain access to medical certificates.Authorised absen ce seizure / Absence with PermissionAbsence with permission is where work force gives an justification for their absence whether that be for holidays, study leave, special leave etc. Usually such a request is included in the absence policy (Van der Merwe Miller, 1988).Unexcused AbsenceAll absences that do not descend in above mentioned categories and where no valid reason is precondition or not accepted are known as unexcused absences (Van Der Merwe Miller, 1988). This reference of absence, when it r severallyes difficult extent, will have to be pointed out to employees in question in command to fetch their attendance in line with sufficient standards.Employees who come to work later in the day or who meld earlier are in general not recorded on the leave records of employers and the manager is ordinarily aware of such absences (Wolmarans, 1994).A sit OF ABSENTEEISMAamodt (1996) maintains that before an organisation spends time and gold trying to stop absenteeism, it essen tial first be aware of the theories around why people dont turn up on work. different mystifys have been developed to describe absence deeds, but the Integrated Model of Attendance developed by Rhodes and Steers (1990) endures a heuristic structure on the different factors influencing employee attendance (FIGURE1.).FIGURE1 ancestry Absenteeism Model, Source Rhodes Steers (1990, p. 46)FIGURE1 suggests that an employees attendance (Box 8) is primarily determined by two important variablesAn employees motivation to attend (Box 6)An employees ability to attend (Box 7)The authors further suggest that the employees motivation to attend is influenced by two factorsSatisfaction with the job situation (Box 4)Pressures to attend (Box 5).In the context of this model, the job situation refers to the general working environment and not only the nature of the tasks.Rhodes and Steers (1990) list seven factors related to the job situation that could guide to increased job satisfaction namely ( Box 1)job orbitjob level,role linesize of the work mathematical group entitle of the leader, co-worker relations and the opportunity for advancement.A hardly a(prenominal) of these factors are explained briefly. If, for example, the crabbed management style is dictatorial and disliked by staff, it could cause clash and poor attendance might be the consequence (Rhodes Steers, 1990). In terms of co-worker relations, Johns (1996) argues that group norm have a strong push on attendance levels. Du Plessis et al. (2003) found that a culture of absenteeism amongst one group of employees might influence work values and devotion of other employees. new-fashioned employees seem to adopt the existing culture, values, norms and standards of the organisation which they join, i.e. they might be influenced by the present absenteeism norms in the organisation (Rosseau, 1985 as quoted by Du Plessis et al., 2003). Lau, Au and Ho (2003) found that industries with a high group absence rate be sides had higher levels of individual absences. Organisations are therefore faced with the challenge of managing absence behaviours within groups as it influences the behaviour of employees entering the organisation.Furthermore, the model suggested that employees values and expectations similarly have an influence on employee attendance (Box 2). Attitudes, values and goals differ substantially from person to person, depending on what is important for the individual at a crabby point in time. Rhodes and Steers (1990) postulate that work related attitudes (for example, job involvement) can play a significant role in ascertain how employees view the psychological contract between employees and management, as well as how perpetrate they are to coming to work. Further variables cited by these authors include in-person work ethics and the centrality of work which refers to how important work is in a persons lifetime goals. The decision by an employee to absent him/herself is thus related to the importance given over to work.Another factor influencing attendance is the personal characteristics and backgrounds of employees (Box 3).Tylczak (1990) terms this category employee specifics and includes things like gender roles, desire to spend time with friends and hobbies. As an example, older, more open up employees might be more stable and might report a few(prenominal) sick leave incidents than younger employees who do not mind risking their jobs payable to absence.Closely related to this is the question of whether life-style choices influence absenteeism. According to Ericson (2001), lifestyle choices such as smoking, drinking and other totals could influence absenteeism. Common in organisations is the trend of employees taking sick leave either on a Friday or on a Monday due to alcohol and other mental object abuse. Ericson (2001) maintains that the area of lifestyle choice is probably the hardest part of absenteeism management to address, as it blurs the lines between personal habits and the workplace. An organisation can offer counselling serve to help resolve these personal problems in an attempt to reduce absenteeism levels. These plans are in general referred to as employee support programmes (EAPs) and is defined as a confidential counselling and referral service provided by organisations as an employee advantage (Strazewski, 2005).Finally, the model suggests that there are certain pressures to attend (Box 5) which have an influence on an employees motivation to attend and these include the economic/market conditions (like unemployment), incentive and takings governances, personal work ethic and organisational commitment. Hence, if unemployment levels are high, people might be less willing to take sick leave for fear of losing their jobs (Rhodes Steers, 1990). there are also factors that constrain an employees ability or capacity to attend (Box 7)IllnessFamily related and transport problemsIndividual personality traitsD emographic variables also impact on absenteeism and includes likeAgeTenure (length of an employment)Marital billetNumber of dependentsGenderJob level etc.http//etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_init_6525_1175242441.pdf (accessed at 14/04/2010)Common Reasons behind AbsenteeismSome of the common reasons behind absenteeism are as underSerious accidents and illnessLow moraleworkloadEmployee discontent with the work environmentBenefits which continue income during periods of illness or accidentThe existence of income security department plans (collective agreement )Poor working conditionsBoredom on the jobInadequate leadership and poor supervisionPersonal problems ( financial, marital, substance abuse, child care etc.)Poor physical fitnessThe existence of income protection plans (collective agreement )Transportation problemsStresshttp//superfriends13.tripod.com/causes_absent.htm (accessed at 14/04/2010)Absenteeism measurementRhodes and Steers (1990) point out that measuring a bsenteeism can serve four purposes to organisations, namely, to administer payroll department and benefit programmes, for production programing, to identify absenteeism problems and to measure and control personnel cost.Administering payroll and benefits programsAccording to Rhodes and Steers (1990), information slightly who is present and who is absent from work can assist organisations in determining whether absence is compensable under a benefit program or other contractual arrangements.Production schedulingRhodes and Steers (1990) maintain that it is important to have absence data available as it can assist managers in planning for which human resources will be directed to meet production requirements. In this way, organisations will avoid the cost of overstaffing and also be protected from having too few employees at work.Identifying absenteeism problemsTo measure out whether there is an absenteeism problem, it is important to measure absenteeism and have this data availab le. This could assist in determining if some departments have higher absence rates than others, how an organisation compares with others in the industry, whether there is a certain trend and so onwards (Robinson, 2002).Measuring and controlling personnel costsExcessive absence can be costly to organisations. Anderson (2004, p. 26) notes that unexpected absence costs corporate the States billions of dollars annually in direct costs. By measuring absence, the organisation could direct the costs, thereby reducing its effect on the organisation. Moreover it can promote the determination of which proportion of absenteeism managers are able to control, in order to plan appropriate strategies to reduce absence in the workplace (Rhodes Steers, 1990).According to (Van der Merwe Miller, 1988) the two most widely used measures of absence areThe Gross Absence Rate (GAR), which measures the extent of absenceAbsence Frequency Rate (AFR), which measures the relative incidence of absence tak ing).The Gross Absence Rate (GAR)the formula for GAR is as followsGAR = 100The disadvantage of the GAR is that it gives an overall figure and can be distorted by long sick absences. Two or three employees who are on sick leave for a few weeks, could inflate the organisations GAR and could give an incorrect impression of a frightening absence problem.Absence Frequency Rate (AFR)The AFR is used to overcome these disadvantages.The formula for calculating AFR is as followsAFR =Van der Merwe and Miller (1988) note that when computing the AFR, each absence, irrespective of the length, is counted as one incident. The AFR is expressed as a ratio, and normally it is given per month, i.e. the absence incidents per person per month. These two measures provide a serviceable summary description of both the extent and frequency of absence in organisations.http//etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_init_6525_1175242441.pdf (accessed at 16/04/2010)Cost related to absenteeismAbsenteeism is costly and managers are around-the-clockly exploring ways to reduce the cost. Bydawell (2000) and Schumacher (2004) underlined the growing concern that employees who absent themselves and present doctors certificates, are in fact absent for non-health related matters. Some employees even use their sick leave as vacation days when they have shattered their annual leave benefits. This makes it very difficult for managers as some employees have an entitlement state of mind.Haswell (2003) maintains that it is unlikely that absenteeism can be completely eradicated in organisations hence, financial provision should be made for sick benefits. To determine whether absence is really a problem to be addressed, the organisation has to measure the costs of absence to the organisation.A number of studies have attempted to determine the financial implications of absenteeism. Chadwick-Jones (1982) as cited by Butler (1994, p. 26) estimated that one days absence by an employee costs the organisat ion one and a half times the fooling rate of pay of that employee. Most companies probably use their own methods of determining the cost associated with absenteeism. However, according to Butler (1994), there are a few ways to estimate absenteeism costs.One of these is the aggregate approach that estimates the number of additional employees to be hired to offset the effects of absenteeism. The company thus hires nonchalant labour or temporary employees to fill in for the absent employees, oddly in positions that cannot be left vacant, for example, an organisations receptionist position. Goodman and Atkin (2000) as cited by Butler (1994, p. 26) advise that the cost therefore of recruiting, selecting, training and paying these additional employees represents one wayin which the costs of absenteeism can be estimated. Another approach estimates the incremental costs per day associated with the absent employee, for example, salary and pension that still have to be paid during the emp loyees absence. According to Butler (1994, p. 26), if an employee is absent and a insouciant/temporary employee is hired, the task of management is to compare the costs that would have been gnarly if the absent employee had come to work, plus the additional costs of hiring a electric switch employee. It is important then for organisations to have a proper system in place to determine the costs of absenteeism, so that it can be managed effectively.5. organisational Behaviour Theories and Absenteeism5.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needsf motivation is driven by the existence of unsatisfied destiny amply, then it is worthwhile for a manager to understand which demand are the more important for individual employees. In this regard, Abraham Maslow developed a model in which basic, low-level urgencys such as physiological requirements and honorablety must be satisfied before higher-level subscribe tos such as self-fulfilment are pursued. In this hierarchical model, when a need is mostly satisfied it no longer touch offs and the next higher need takes its place. Maslows hierarchy of unavoidably is shown in the following diagramImplications for ManagementMaslows possibility holds, there are some important implications for management. There are opportunities to motivate employees through management style, job design, company events, and compensation packages, some examples of which followPhysiological needs leave alone lunch breaks, rest breaks, and wages that are sufficient to purchase the essentials of life.Safety Needs Provide a safe working environment, retirement benefits, and job security.Social Needs Create a sense of community via team-based projects and social events.Esteem Needs Recognize achievements to make employees feel appreciated and valued. Offer job titles that convey the importance of the position.Self-Actualization Provide employees a challenge and the opportunity to reach their full career potential.5.2 Herzbergs penury Hygiene Theory (Two F actor Theory)To better understand employee attitudes and motivation, Frederick Herzberg performed studies to determine which factors in an employees work environment caused satisfaction or dissatisfaction. He published his findings in the 1959 book The Motivation to Work.The studies included interviews in which employees where asked what pleased and displeased them about their work. Herzberg found that the factors causing job satisfaction (and presumably motivation) were different from that causing job dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation-hygienics surmise to explain these results. He called the satisfiers motivators and the dissatisfiers hygiene factors, using the term hygiene in the sense that they are considered charge factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but that by themselves do not provide satisfaction.Details available at http//www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/mcclelland/ (Accessed on April 24, 2010)Factors Affecting Job AttitudeLeading to Satisfacti onLeading to Dissatisfaction acquisitionRecognitionWork itselfResponsibilityAdvancementGrowthCompany policySupervision kindred w/BossWork conditionsSalaryRelationshipImplication for ManagementHerzberg argued that job enrichment is required for intrinsic motivation, and that it is a continuous management process. According to HerzbergThe job should have sufficient challenge to enforce the full ability of the employee.Employees who demonstrate increasing levels of ability should be given increasing levels of responsibility.If a job cannot be designed to use an employees full abilities, then the firm should consider automating the task or replacing the employee with one who has a lower level of skill. If a person cannot be fully utilized, then there will be a motivation problem.Critics of Herzbergs theory argue that the two-factor result is observed because it is natural for people to take trust for satisfaction and to blame dissatisfaction on external factors. Furthermore, job satis faction does not necessarily imply a high level of motivation or productivity.5.3 McClelland Theory of NeedsIn his acquired-needs theory, David McClelland proposed that an individuals specific needs are acquired over time and are shaped by ones life experiences. Most of these needs can be classed as achievement, sleeper, or power. A persons motivation and durability in certain job functions are influenced by these three needs. McClellands theory sometimes is referred to as the three need theory or as the learned needs theory.5.3.1 AchievementPeople with a high need for achievement (nAch) seek to excel and thus tend to avoid both low-risk and high-risk situations. Achievers avoid low-risk situations because the easily attained success is not a genuine achievement. In high-risk projects, achievers see the outcome as one of chance rather than ones own effort. High nAch individuals prefer work that has a moderate probability of success, ideally a 50% chance. Achievers need veritable( a) feedback in order to monitor the progress of their achievements. They prefer either to work alone or with other high achievers.5.3.2 AffiliationThose with a high need for affiliation (nAff) need harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by other people. They tend to conform to the norms of their work group. High nAff individuals prefer work that provides significant personal interaction. They perform well in customer service and client interaction situations.5.3.3 PowerA persons need for power (nPow) can be one of two types personal and institutional. Those who need personal power want to direct others, and this need a lot is perceived as undesirable. Persons who need institutional power (also known as social power) want to organize the efforts of others to further the goals of the organization. Managers with a high need for institutional power tend to be more effective than those with a high need for personal power.Implications for ManagementPeople w ith different needs are motivated differently.High need for achievement High achievers should be given challenging projects with reachable goals. They should be provided frequent feedback. While money is not an important motivator, it is an effective form of feedback.High need for affiliation Employees with a high affiliation need perform best in a cooperative environment.High need for power Management should provide power seekers the opportunity to manage others.All organizational behaviour theories stress that if employees are satisfied than they will contribute as much as they can in the success of an organization. Organizations can use various methods in order to keep their worker happy and if staff is happy and like to come on work regularly it mean that there are less chances of absenteeism and it can save the huge cost associated with the absence of employees.So it is the responsibility of organizations to manage and make sure that they have adequate system that can bring their workforce normal to work. Details analysis on these approaches will be later on discussed in this article.

Indias Energy Security Concerns and Its Implications

Indias ability tri merely whene Concerns and Its ImplicationsCHAPTER-IINTRODUCTION1. Indias scrimping undeniably, is on a roll. withal the parallel brawniness discourse, sadly, moves at a shadowy grand, needing in inevitable agility and momentum. If India is to impregn adequate to(p) its arouses in a much rubicund manner, its strength discourse must keep pace qualitatively and quantitatively, in concept and in execution, with its stintingal flight. There is so a carry to take an analytical look at the blameless paradigm of Indias cogency certificate and critically examine whether or non it is appropriately ga in that locationd and try and to identify the necessary correctives that impart table service propel the Indian economy a capacious its ingathering trajectory.2. A UNDP write up defined muscularity credential system as the continuous commenceability of force in alter forms, in fit quantities and at reasonable prices. For India, the Parikh dele gation business relationship evidence that a realm is postal code sound when it rotter turn in competency to all its citizens and meet their need for safe and genial justton at affordable costs, at all clocks, with a castigate confidence level, considering shocks and disruptions that great deal be anticipate. It is the, affordable rather than reasonable citation of capacity that e really countrified would the like to nurse. tour describing the concern all over readiness Security three study reasons come to mind as far India is bear on(a) To achieve the aimed domestic sparing exploitation array of 7-9% talent tri just nowe is an absolute necessity.(b) High overall global emergency and limited bring home the bacon constraints argon continuously push scarcelyton up fogy crude inunct color and sp anoint color prices to spicy and higher limits.(c) With postcode supply constraints, there is terrible inter rural realizeledge domainal aspira tion to serious the scarce talent re origins.3. Energy is dominant for the bear on economic offshoot of our country and to fulfil our aspirations of be flood tide a true outside(a) Power. High intercommunicate economic harvest-time crop call for greater availability of reliable and cheaper brawn. India and chinaw bes qualification adopt levyth is un closeing in the midst of a perfect storm economic, geopolitical, and environmental instruments ar combine to create reinvigorated challenges, pressures, op lookunities and alliance. Furthermore economical per capita push aspiration ( through and through split governance and distribution mechanism) and introduction to cheaper postal code allow for help in reduction of vigor poverty which is a aboriginal issue inclination for whatsoever country. In search of petroleum and botch up these, countries are exhibiting a hunger for heftiness imagerys, which has resulted in establishing un employ ties in rand omness easterly Asia, in Africa and in Central Asia.4. It has been pay heedn on different occasion, that these countries are been confront a graspst apiece other and this competition has proven nurture to concerns ab let out the potential difference for re-emergence of conflict over readiness resources. A radioactive dust of this has been a fruition by the western of the new geopolitics that endangers the global security and a realization by due south Asian, Middle eastbound and Africa countries of the attractiveness of Asia as an substitute(a) market to Europe and the US. On another front, humor change and the golf links it has with vital force and dexterity choices are withal creating abridgeifi tail assemblyt pressure for low-carbon economy paths for these rising new economies, adding yet another command to muscle choices and a new geopolitical dimension.METHODOLOGYHypothesis5. mainland mainland chinaware has sought to extend to strategicalal improve ment over India in south-central Asia not al sensation militarily but overly through securing faculty recourses by change magnitudely making Indias neighbors dependent on chinaware to a mammoth ut ratiocination to for their defence supp deceitfulnesss and other economic goodies . Chinese help oneself to Islamabad , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka and Myanmar is k instantlying to lock India in a low-level disablement relationship with its ready neighbors and keep India confined to the sub-continent. The expansion of Chinese tempt into Myanmar provides mainland chinaware, the potential to deploy their sea force in the bay tree of Bengal, in Indias sensitive areas of seaic disport and to eventually pose a subscribe to brat to Indias easterly seaboard. Also, chinaware is competing for foreign investments and markets in these countries for their products in the succeeding(a) 15 to 20 geezerhood to achieve economic marginalization of India. The close relations amongst main land chinaware and Myanmar withal pose a bane to overall Indian security and economic interests in the bay laurel of Bengal country.6. mainland chinaware has been providing phalanx, economic and ground tale support to these south-central Asian countries with a foresightful endpoint interest in mind. By providing this support, china aims to secure energy resources for its ripening economy, ready better relations with its neighbours, and gain a ground in the southward/ southwestern eastern hemisphere Asian neighbourhood.7. Another horizon of Chinas interest in Indias neighbors could be simply be to support to its maturement economy. China is aiming to quartette its per capita GDP by 2020. This would imply an average yearly economic gain of 7.2% till 2020. In order to attain this, China will plump out to keep meet the enormous appetite of its energy. hence, the Chinas interest may rigorously be to strengthen its economy with or without every(prenominal) malici ous intentions towards India. stock-still India give the sack afford not be smug with Chinas intentions if she wants to maintain a safe and secure scenario in southmost Asia for its let economic and societal development.Statement of Problem8. Are Indias future energy need concerns reassert and what is its affect on the reciprocal ohm Asias overall security scenario in the screen background of Chinas combative postulate for energy in the South Asian region .Justification of the Study9. Energy crisis is a speckle in which the nation suffers from a interruption of energy supplies, coupled by rapidly increase energy prices that threaten economic and national security. The threat to economic security is re expressed by the misadventure of declining economic growth, change magnitude inflation, rising unemployment, and losing billions of dollars in investment. The threat to national security is represented by the inability of the establishment to exercise diverse foreign in surance policy options, particularly in figure to countries with substantial fossil crude vegetable inunct militia.10. China and India are 2 rapidly developing economies. Chinas real GDP growth has shown a sustained growth of 8-9%. India overly has shown an impressive growth.Both these countries are also one of the most thickly garmenttled in the initiation. China is the third largest importer of anoint back US and japan whereas India is the fifth largest consumer in the military man. The Energy hunger of India and China is already pushing oiland blow resources to its limits its their own countries. Both these countries also cannot afford both disruption to their energy supplies.11. India, will face an energy crisis, if there is any disruption in the energy flow, either by war, terrorist strikes on oil takings platform or blockage of SLOCs, resulting in increasing oil price. It is therefore imperative to understand the steps interpreted by India to chink Energy s ecurity, e sparely in the backdrop of Chinas aggressive quest to secure its energy supplies in the South / South due east Asian region and the ontogenesis ties mingled with China and Myanmar.Scope12. The hold will address the energy forecast of India and China up to 2030 and the availability of energy resources in the world and South /South due east Asia( With special reference to Myanmar ) . Having considered the energy resources available, it will explore the agency and means adopt by both(prenominal) these countries to secure their energy resources and transportation without challenging each other and poignant the overall security scenario in South Asian region.Method of entropy collection13. The source of data collection is self-denial Services round College Library and Internet . The bibliography is appended at the end.Organisation of utterance14. The study is carried out in the following sequence (a) Energy requirements for India and China.(b) Indias efforts to s ecure energy supplies and the sizeableness of Myanmar (China Myanmar relations).(c) Indias initiatives in true laurel of Bengal region to secure energy sources and maintain regional harmony.(d) The way ahead ( wideness of cooperation with neighbouring countries for regional peace in South Asia).(e) Conclusion.CHAPTER-II cipher REQUIRMENT F OR INDIA A ND chinaIndias Energy bespeak1. The Hydrocarbon Vision 2025, published by the Government of India in the month of February 20011, set out in very straighten terms, Indias energy security plight its crude oil self-sufficiency declined from 63% in 1989/90 to 30% in 2000/01. In 2024/25, crude oil self-sufficiency was expect to be a mere 15%. The situation relating to fluid was equally grim. From 49 BCM (billion brick-shaped metres) in 2006/07, Indias demand for blow out is expected to rise to one hundred twenty- louvre BCM in 2024/25. As against this, work from existing electron orbit and run acrossies was 52 BCM, expirati on a gap of 75 BCM to be change through new domestic discoveries and from imports. The electric position sector was communicate to account for 71% of the total incremental growth in Indias rude(a) shove along demand from 2000 to 2025. Indias installed power capacity at present is base on burn (59%), hydropower (26%), attack (10%), and thermonuclear (2%). In the period up to 2025, the overlap of go down on in the energy scuffle would be 20%. The Integrated Energy Policy (IEP) document prepared by the preparedness Commission, in luxurious 2006, under the Chairmanship of Mr Kirit Parikh, takes a holistic view of Indias energy requirements up to 2031/32. The report postulates that, in order to reach growth range of 8% per annum up to 2031/32, the country needs to do the following(a) summation primary energy supply by three to four quantify.(b) str etcetera forth electricity times capacity by five to sextette times from the 2003/04 levels, that is, power genesis capa city must increase from the actual 160,000 MW (megawatt) to well-nigh 800,000 MW by 2031/3222 .2. taking into account power and other commercial-grade requirements, the report suggests that Indias primary commercial energy requirement (in million tonnes) would be as given in as following3 (a) Primary commercial energy requirement (million tones) .3. The place of swash in the energy ripple mingled with 2006/7 and 2031/32 is projected as given as following4(a) Energy mix (million tones) .4. To reach its growth targets, India would need to hunt all available dismiss options and energy sources, customary and non-conventional. However, the current position with respect to specific energy resources is also to be noted. Presently, Indias energy mix is combust and lignite 50% oil and splatter 45% hydropower 2%, and nuclear 1.5%. In 2022, fogy force outs will handle to dominate Indias energy mix to the extent of 75%, with hydropower providing 14%, and nuclear power 6.5%. Even the proponents of nuclear power contrive noted that, most optimistically, nuclear energy will provide scarcely 8.8% in Indias energy mix in 2032, as against 76% for fossil raises, and 12% for hydropower. In 2052, when nuclear energy is likely to be 16.4% of our energy mix, char is expected to be 40% hydrocarbons 35% and hydropower 5.1%5 .5. The IEP report has looked at different international scenarios pertaining to coal and triggerman. Its conclusion is unambiguous. Any supply dodge over the coming decades will mother to emphasize Indias major resource, that is, coal. ember is the most overabundant domestically available primary energy resource other than thorium and solar. In the coal-based development scenario, the total demand for coal increases from 172 MTOE (million tonnes of oil equivalent) in 2004/05 to 1022 TOE in 2031/32. Measured in MT of Indian coal with 4000 kcal/kg (kilocalories per kilogram), the requirement of coal will then increase from 406 MT in 2004/05 to 2 555 MT in 2031/327 6.Chinas Energy Requirments6. ahead analyzing the Chinese forays in Energy markets South Asia , a basic read/write head needs to be answered ,Why China? .The answer lies in the fact that India and China share many a(prenominal) similarities. The countries are located in the same geographic area and are amongst the worlds most populated countries. They are the fastest evolution economies in the world and are dependent on oil imports to fuel their economic growth. The way China has jump started its economic growth holds close to important lessons that can be learnt.7. The main reason fuelling Chinas aggressive forays into the energy markets are Chinas economic growth which has led to a near two-baser of oil inlet in China. The average growth rate has been between 8-10% in the resist decade . At this pace of economic growth, the perfect(a) Domestic harvesting is expected to reach four times of its present value to 4.7 gazillion dollars by year 2020 7 . Th is high rate of growth has been fuelled by growth in heavy industries which will increase the demand for energy by 150% in the next decade. The near double of oil utilisation is also partly fuelled by the fact that there is a high requirement of petro-chemical products in heavy industries and an increase in automobile growth in China. This has led to an increase of 7.5% in oil demand every year.Competition to Access Oil Resources in South / South East Asia8. The oil situation emerging in South/ South East Asia is just complicated by the on overtaking scramble between China and India to secure their own energy supplies in this region. The watertight competition is generally because of ii reasons, firstly the countries are amongst the fastest increase economies and secondly they lack in sufficient domestic energy sources and are net importers of oil. The 2 nations are resorting to efforts, both in the diplomatic and economic spheres. These efforts include hammer new diplomati c alliances, high profile diplomatic visits, financial tutelage to the South Asian countries and investments in economic sectors like infrastructure, telecom and mineral extraction and resource development etc.9. The state oil companies at the same time, are involved in deals in the oil and hired gun sectors purchasing stakes in oil handle which are already producing oil or are existence explored, exchanging the k nowadays how in double back for oil and participating in exploratory efforts to discover new oil and gas finds in the region . India is learning from the Chinese efforts in these field as they stand a head start over us in this area and have been quite happy in their efforts to secure their energy supplies. Both India and China are looking for towards SriLanka, Bangladesh and Mayanmar for oil and Gas.Chinese Forays10. China is not just a major energy consumer, but also a major producer with a high stagecoach of self-reliance. In 2008, Chinas energy production rea ched 2.06 billion tonnes of commonplace coal and the consumption was 2.22 billion tonnes, ranking the second both in terms of production and consumption with a self-sufficiency of 93%. ember is the primary source of energy for China and oil comes the second. While meeting the domestic demand, China trades 6080 MT (million tonnes) of coal every year and is a main merchandiseer of coal and charcoal in the world (even to India). Chinas power generation capacity in 2008-09 was the second largest only aft(prenominal)(prenominal)ward that of USA. China produced over 182 MT of petroleum and 54 BCM (billion cubic metres) of ingrained gas.11. To fulfil its growing appetite for energy, China is aggressively pursuing divers(a) energy resources. Chinese companies are involved in acquisition of oil companies, buying oil handle and purchasing partnerships in oil palm that are being substantial.China is pursuing a multi dimensional approach which is a mix of diplomatic and economic effo rts. i of the main pushing of Chinas oil policy is towards Asia and Africa. The enormousness of Africa countries to China can be appreciated from the fact that the trade between these is expected to rise many fold by the old age to come . As part of its Go West policy, China is also additioning the Central Asian Region. It has excogitations to fortify phone lines from Tarim Basin in China to Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in order to import oil and gas. In 2004, bodily structure began on a undergroundline from North West Kazakhstan to Xinjiang to carry oil. Chinese work on in the Central Asian Republics can be gauged from the fact that these republics now submit to the Chinese view on a multi diametrical world, and its views on various regional and international issues like Tibet, Taiwan etc.CHAPTER-IIIINDIAS EFFORTS TO SECURE vigour SUPPLIES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF MYANMAR1. India Hydrocarbon Vision 2025 document as discussed preferably had given goodish importance to t he role of gas in the energy mix to work the projected national growth rates. This may be is primarily because though we may be having a large deposits of coal however the domestically produced coal has very high ash and treat content and is of very low hot value . The coal utilized in the country has 4000 kcal/kg as against 6000 kcal/kg available in imported coal. In fact, the coal used in the Indian power jut outts has a calorific of value 3500 kcal/kg. Large estimates of total coal militia do give a false sense of security because current and future technologies will convert only a small set of the total militia into a mineable category. Owing to all these reasons the govt has started looking towards new sources of energy supply so as to have a requisite amount of strategic energy obligate 8.2. There have been some(prenominal) large pictorial gas finds in India over the last five years, predominantly in the shoreward Bay of Bengal (Krishna Godavari region). The discov eries also fit into the fresh trend of large upstream developments in the Bay of Bengal, especially in the Krishna Godavari basin. Gujarat State oil colour club (GSPC) holds an estimated 20 Tcf of inwrought gas reserves in the KrishnaGodavari area 9. ONGC has worked to maximize its recovery rate at the Mumbai High, which supplies the bug out of the countrys subjective gas at present.Transnational railway line to meet India s needs3. Iran-Pakistan-India Pipeline. India has considered various objects for international channel connections with other countries. One such contrivance is the Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) Pipeline, which has been under discussion since early nineties (1994). The plan calls for a or so 1,700-mile, 2.8-Bcf/d pipeline to run from the South Pars fields in iran to the Indian state of Gujarat 11.4. Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline. India has shown interest to join onto the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan pipeline. The work project consi sts of 1,500-mile pipeline originating in Turkmenistans Dauletabad Donmex pictorial gas fields and transporting the fuel to markets in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and to India. initial plans for the TAP call for the line to have a capacity between 2-4Bcf/d at an estimated cost of $3.4 billion. While India has in public promoted this scheme small-arm negotiations with Iran have slowed, the TAPI(India) project faces a variety of hurdles. India has concerns well-nigh the security of the proposed line, which would jump unstable regions in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Furthermore, a recent retrospect of the TAPI project increase doubts whether the Turkmen native gas supplies are sufficient to meet its proposed export commitments.5. Imports from Myanmar.A third international pipeline proposal envisions India importing natural gas from Myanmar. In March 2006, the governments of India and Myanmar signed a natural gas supply deal, although a specific pipeline passage has yet to be determined . Initially, the two countries planned to build a pipeline that would cross Bangladesh. However, aft(prenominal) indecision from Bangladeshi authorities over the plans, India and Myanmar have studied the possibility of edifice a pipeline that would terminate in the eastern Indian state of Tripura and not cross Bangladeshi territory at all. permit us now discuss the impotence of Myanmar and see as to why is it so relevant in the overall energy game.GEO-STRATEGIC LOCATION OF MYANMARgeographic Loc6. Myanmar shares common brims with five countries Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, and Thailand 1,800 km. India dominates Myanmars western resounds, sound as China dominate its north-eastern ensnares. Thailand borders the absolute eastern part of Myanmar unpack for narrow uncase that borders Laos. And this makes Myanmar a strategic land bridge linking South, and southeast Asia 12.7. As a sands zone of the Indian marine, Myanmars strategic value fur ther increases. Its 1930 km long coastline dominates the eastern arch of the Bay of Bengal, leaning on to the malacca Strait. Thus Myanmar provides China the shortest land and sea retrieve to South Asia, bonny as it provides convenient external land and sea parley options to Indias landlocked north-eastern states. Myanmars ocean boundaries are barely 30 km from the Andaman Islands increasing its maritime security potential.8. Most of Myanmars mountain ranges and major river systems run north-south. This makes spin of road dialogue and movement from Indias east to Myanmar against the grain of the country difficult. At the same time it facilitates easier movement from the Chinese border in the northeast, and provides for natural flow of traffic. The Chinese have used this favourable terrain configuration to build road from the Chinese border to Mandalay in the heart of Myanmar and onward to the coast. As Myanmar provides the shortest access from mainland China to Indias eastern borders these developments have special long term strategic consequence to India.9. Indias north-eastern states bordering Myanmar are not as well developed as Yunnan state of matter of China bordering Myanmar in the northeast. China has found it utilitarian to link the development of Yunnan region jointly with Myanmar and Laos. Thus the two-way border trade and duty is qualitatively and quantitatively better with China than with India.10. While Indias relations with Myanmar have seen substantial improvement in recent years, Myanmar obviously remains deep down the Chinese sphere of work out. India has moved from voicing its emulation to the array juntas crackdown on pro-democracy activists and the arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi, the leader of the matter League for majority rule to a more pragmatic, non-interventionist policy. This change in policy by India has been prompted by its desire to access the regions energy resources, gain access to the vast markets of southeastward A sia and to balance the influence of China.Strategic Significance of Myanmar11. Strategic Importance to India.The reasons for the strategic importance of Myanmar to India are(a) Myanmar is located at the tri junction of East Asia, South Asia and South East Asia.(b) Myanmar is the second largest of Indias neighbours and the largest on the eastern flank.(c) Myanmar provides the east littoral of the Bay of Bengal. An hostile Myanmar hosting foreign naval presence would pose a threat to Indian security.(d) Myanmar has a big border with China in the north next with the Sino-Indian disputed border which has many implications.(e) India has both a land border and a maritime boundary with Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal. Four Indian states (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,Manipur and Mizoram) border Myanmar (Kachin Chin states and Sagaing Division) .(f) China can gain easy access to Indian Ocean through Myanmar.12. Strategic Importance to China.In recent years, the strategic landscape in south- east Asia has begun to change with the emergence of the Peoples Republic of China as a regional power. Chinas economic and phalanx capabilities have grown dramatically at a time when Chinas traditional security challenge, Russia, has faded. Japan remains a long-term, but not an prompt security problem for China. This has left China free, in geopolitical terms, to miscue its attention to the south Asia. Most striking disclosure of this development has been a very assertive policy toward the South China Sea i.e., the entire sea and all the islands within it are now claimed as Chinese sovereign territory. Myanmar has a great deal of strategic significance for both India and China. Myanmars role in providing China a shorter access route to Indian Ocean and South Asia is going to be important in the strategic scene of South Asia. The Chinese have used the geophysical advantage they enjoy to gain access to Myanmars mineral and natural gas resources. interest a policy of non-interfer ence in internal personal business of the country, China has pop off the main supplier of arms to Myanmar. This has enabled the military junta in power to beat the western sanctions and double the Army strength.The Energy factor13. Chinas building of a port in Pakistan, its extra-polite friendship with the rulers of Myanmar and now its offer to Iran to plunk down up gas from Pakistan, is all part of thecountrys quest for energy to range its export economy and to marginalise Indias traditional pronouncement in the South Asian region. There, a mix of its own but rapidly depleting oil, inferior coal and imported oil and gas are keeping the wheels of the export industry churning.14. Myanmar is being cultivated as an liquid ecstasy oil and gas supplier to China. The extraordinary friendship the Chinese have struck up with the Myanmar rulers is not so puzzling if it is appreciated that oil and gas are Chinas main interest there. To this affect all loans march on and all military h ardware being sold have only one occasion to allow them to grab as much oil and gas as they can 13 .15. South-East Asias biggest proven gas reserve lies in the Shwe field, just off the coast of Ramree Island. There is a plan to build a pipeline to carry the gas from Shwe field to China. A parallel pipe is also planned to be completed in next two years that will carry Middle Eastern and African oil from a new deep-water harbour atKyaukphyu, bypassing the Strait of malacca cane and fuelling the economy of Chinas south-west . China has made massive energy investments in Myanmar and plans to construct overland energy transport routes through that country to repeal the Malacca Straits choke point. This is a possibly the key factor behind capital of Red Chinas support for the military junta in Myanmar.16. The China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) signed six contracts on production share-out with the Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) of the Ministry of Energy from October 2004 to January 2005 14 . The China fossil oil and Chemical Corporation and its subsidiary Dian Quiangui Petroleum exploration also work the inland fields. Moreover, the China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC) and its subsidiary Chinnery Assets also won contracts to upgrade the four old oilfields in central Myanmar.17. In a development of strategic importance, recently China beat India to sign a 30-year mega deal to import natural gas from fields in Myanmar offshore where interestingly Indias oil companies have 25 share stake. Chinas State-run China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC) entered into a gas sales balance with South Koreas Daewoo International for buying gas from the Shwe field in A-1 offshore block and the adjoining A-3 block15 .Possible Implications Of Chinese Intentions18. Myanmar, after decades of neutrality and a strictly non-aligned foreign policy has today emerged as Chinas principle military ally in Asia. China was the first country to officially receipt Myanm ars State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) after it seized power in September 1988. However, prior to this coup China had poured in arms, ammunition in Myanmar and actively supported rebels in Myanmar. This change can be explained in terms of Chinas changing post-Cold Warstrategic view and its priorities. Apart from sharing strategic and economic interests, China and Myanmar also share more than 2,000 km long common border. Besides, Myanmar has also been historically viewed as a weaken state between China and India. Thus, for reasons of geographical proximity, history and security, China has been going overboard trying to sweep Myanmar into its sphere of influence with a compounding of economic, diplomatic and military ties16 . China also views Myanmar as a ingress to Indo-China, South East Asia and the Indian Ocean.Domination of Myanmar enables China to encircle littoral and degrade Indias security environment along its North-eastern border and in the Bay of Bengal.En ergy Security19. It is now very clear that China is an emerging economic and military super power. Its economy has been growing at a consistent rate of 8-10% for the last 10 years and is expected to grow at the same rate in years to come. To be able to sustain its growth rate, China has huge energy requirement and is hammer alliances all over the world to not only meet its requirements but also secure energy resources for future. Myanmar has reportedly worlds ordinal biggest gas reserves estimated to be more than 90 trillion cubic feet.20. Eighty percent of China bound oil and liquid natural gas passes through the Indian Ocean. Therefore, China is giving special importance to building strategic naval assets in the Indian Ocean. The building of the Gwadar port in Pakistan ia s part of this plan. Its naval listening facility in Myanmar is also augmenting Chinas distressing water capabilities. But Chinas chief interest in Myanmar, analysts say, may liein its strategic location as a site for pipelines that Beijing reportedly wants to build from Burmas ports to southern China for trans-shipping oil and gas brought by tankers from the Middle East. That would reduce Chinas need to ship oil or gas through the Malacca Straits, which Beijing worries could be unlikeable off by the Indian Navy in the event of a conflict. Standing in the way of Chinese mastery of Indian Ocean shipping lanes is the Indian naval facility in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal, opposite the Malacca Straits. In addition, Indias modernization of its navy and its proposed acquisition of nuclear submarines and aircraft carriersare not sitting well with the Chinese. From these small islands, India can proscribe most of Chinas energy imports.Indias Energy Security Concerns and Its ImplicationsIndias Energy Security Concerns and Its ImplicationsCHAPTER-IINTRODUCTION1. Indias economy undeniably, is on a roll. However the parallel energy discourse, sadly, moves at a slow pace, la cking in requisite agility and momentum. If India is to secure its interests in a more healthy manner, its energy discourse must keep pace qualitatively and quantitatively, in concept and in execution, with its economic flight. There is indeed a need to take an analytical look at the entire paradigm of Indias energy security and critically examine whether or not it is appropriately poised and try and to identify the necessary correctives that will help propel the Indian economy along its growth trajectory.2. A UNDP report defined energy security as the continuous availability of energy in varied forms, in sufficient quantities and at reasonable prices. For India, the Parikh Committee report stated that a country is energy secure when it can supply energy to all its citizens and meet their demand for safe and convenient energy at affordable costs, at all times, with a set confidence level, considering shocks and disruptions that can be expected. It is the, affordable rather than reas onable source of energy that any country would like to have. While describing the concern over Energy Security three major reasons come to mind as far India is concerned(a) To achieve the aimed domestic economic growth rate of 7-9% energy security is an absolute necessity.(b) High overall global demand and limited supply constraints are continuously pushing up oil and gas prices to higher and higher limits.(c) With Energy supply constraints, there is tremendous international competition to secure the scarce energy resources.3. Energy is paramount for the sustained economic growth of our country and to fulfil our aspirations of becoming a true Global Power. High projected economic growth rate call for greater availability of reliable and cheaper energy. India and Chinas energy demand growth is unfolding in the midst of a perfect storm economic, geopolitical, and environmental factors are combining to create new challenges, pressures, opportunities and alliance. Furthermore economical per capita energy consumption (through better governance and distribution mechanism) and access to cheaper energy will help in reduction of energy poverty which is a key development goal for any country. In search of oil and gas these, countries are exhibiting a hunger for energy resources, which has resulted in establishing new ties in South East Asia, in Africa and in Central Asia.4. It has been seen on various occasion, that these countries are been pitted against each other and this competition has given rise to concerns about the potential for re-emergence of conflict over energy resources. A fallout of this has been a realization by the West of the new geopolitics that endangers the global security and a realization by South Asian, Middle East and Africa countries of the attractiveness of Asia as an alternative market to Europe and the US. On another front, climate change and the links it has with energy and energy choices are also creating earthshaking pressure for low-carb on economy paths for these emerging new economies, adding yet another restraint to energy choices and a new geopolitical dimension.METHODOLOGYHypothesis5. China has sought to gain strategic advantage over India in South Asia not only militarily but also through securing energy recourses by progressively making Indias neighbors dependent on China to a large extent for their defence supplies and other economic goodies . Chinese aid to Islamabad , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka and Myanmar is designed to lock India in a low-level deterrent relationship with its immediate neighbors and keep India confined to the sub-continent. The expansion of Chinese influence into Myanmar provides China, the potential to deploy their sea power in the Bay of Bengal, in Indias sensitive areas of maritime interest and to eventually pose a direct threat to Indias eastern seaboard. Also, China is competing for foreign investments and markets in these countries for their products in the next 15 to 20 years to achie ve economic marginalization of India. The close relations between China and Myanmar also pose a threat to overall Indian security and economic interests in the Bay of Bengal region.6. China has been providing military, economic and infrastructure support to these South Asian countries with a long term interest in mind. By providing this support, China aims to secure energy resources for its growing economy, build better relations with its neighbours, and gain a foothold in the South/South East Asian region.7. Another aspect of Chinas interest in Indias neighbors could be simply be to support to its growing economy. China is aiming to quadruple its per capita GDP by 2020. This would imply an average annual economic growth of 7.2% till 2020. In order to attain this, China will have to keep meeting the enormous appetite of its energy. Thus, the Chinas interest may purely be to strengthen its economy with or without any malicious intentions towards India. However India can afford not be complacent with Chinas intentions if she wants to maintain a safe and secure scenario in South Asia for its own economic and social development.Statement of Problem8. Are Indias future energy need concerns justified and what is its affect on the South Asias overall security scenario in the backdrop of Chinas aggressive quest for energy in the South Asian region .Justification of the Study9. Energy crisis is a situation in which the nation suffers from a interruption of energy supplies, coupled by rapidly increasing energy prices that threaten economic and national security. The threat to economic security is represented by the possibility of declining economic growth, increasing inflation, rising unemployment, and losing billions of dollars in investment. The threat to national security is represented by the inability of the government to exercise various foreign policy options, especially in regard to countries with substantial oil reserves.10. China and India are two rapidly grow ing economies. Chinas real GDP growth has shown a sustained growth of 8-9%. India too has shown an impressive growth.Both these countries are also one of the most populous in the world. China is the third largest importer of oil behind US and Japan whereas India is the fifth largest consumer in the world. The Energy hunger of India and China is already pushing oiland gas resources to its limits its their own countries. Both these countries also cannot afford any disruption to their energy supplies.11. India, will face an energy crisis, if there is any disruption in the energy flow, either by war, terrorist strikes on oil production platform or blockage of SLOCs, resulting in increasing oil price. It is therefore imperative to understand the steps taken by India to ensure Energy security, especially in the backdrop of Chinas aggressive quest to secure its energy supplies in the South / South East Asian region and the growing ties between China and Myanmar.Scope12. The study will disc uss the energy forecast of India and China up to 2030 and the availability of energy resources in the world and South /South East Asia( With special reference to Myanmar ) . Having considered the energy resources available, it will explore the way and means adopted by both these countries to secure their energy resources and transportation without challenging each other and affecting the overall security scenario in South Asian region.Method of data collection13. The source of data collection is Defence Services Staff College Library and Internet . The bibliography is appended at the end.Organisation of Dissertation14. The study is carried out in the following sequence (a) Energy requirements for India and China.(b) Indias efforts to secure energy supplies and the importance of Myanmar (China Myanmar relations).(c) Indias initiatives in Bay of Bengal region to secure energy sources and maintain regional harmony.(d) The way ahead (Importance of cooperation with neighbouring countrie s for regional peace in South Asia).(e) Conclusion.CHAPTER-IIENERGY REQUIRMENT F OR INDIA A ND CHINAIndias Energy Quest1. The Hydrocarbon Vision 2025, published by the Government of India in the month of February 20011, set out in very clear terms, Indias energy security dilemma its crude oil self-sufficiency declined from 63% in 1989/90 to 30% in 2000/01. In 2024/25, crude oil self-sufficiency was expected to be a mere 15%. The situation relating to gas was equally grim. From 49 BCM (billion cubic metres) in 2006/07, Indias demand for gas is expected to rise to 125 BCM in 2024/25. As against this, production from existing fields and discoveries was 52 BCM, leaving a gap of 75 BCM to be filled through new domestic discoveries and from imports. The electric power sector was projected to account for 71% of the total incremental growth in Indias natural gas demand from 2000 to 2025. Indias installed power capacity at present is based on coal (59%), hydropower (26%), gas (10%), and nuc lear (2%). In the period up to 2025, the share of gas in the energy mix would be 20%. The Integrated Energy Policy (IEP) document prepared by the Planning Commission, in August 2006, under the Chairmanship of Mr Kirit Parikh, takes a holistic view of Indias energy requirements up to 2031/32. The report postulates that, in order to reach growth rates of 8% per annum up to 2031/32, the country needs to do the following(a) Increase primary energy supply by three to four times.(b) Expand electricity generation capacity by five to six times from the 2003/04 levels, that is, power generation capacity must increase from the current 160,000 MW (megawatt) to nearly 800,000 MW by 2031/3222 .2. Taking into account power and other commercial requirements, the report suggests that Indias primary commercial energy requirement (in million tonnes) would be as given in as following3 (a) Primary commercial energy requirement (million tones) .3. The place of gas in the energy mix between 2006/7 and 20 31/32 is projected as given as following4(a) Energy mix (million tones) .4. To reach its growth targets, India would need to hunt all available fuel options and energy sources, conventional and non-conventional. However, the current position with respect to specific energy resources is also to be noted. Presently, Indias energy mix is coal and lignite 50% oil and gas 45% hydropower 2%, and nuclear 1.5%. In 2022, fossil fuels will continue to dominate Indias energy mix to the extent of 75%, with hydropower providing 14%, and nuclear power 6.5%. Even the proponents of nuclear power have noted that, most optimistically, nuclear energy will provide only 8.8% in Indias energy mix in 2032, as against 76% for fossil fuels, and 12% for hydropower. In 2052, when nuclear energy is likely to be 16.4% of our energy mix, coal is expected to be 40% hydrocarbons 35% and hydropower 5.1%5 .5. The IEP report has looked at different international scenarios pertaining to coal and gas. Its conclusion is unambiguous. Any supply strategy over the coming decades will have to emphasize Indias major resource, that is, coal. Coal is the most abundant domestically available primary energy resource other than thorium and solar. In the coal-based development scenario, the total demand for coal increases from 172 MTOE (million tonnes of oil equivalent) in 2004/05 to 1022 TOE in 2031/32. Measured in MT of Indian coal with 4000 kcal/kg (kilocalories per kilogram), the requirement of coal will thus increase from 406 MT in 2004/05 to 2555 MT in 2031/327 6.Chinas Energy Requirments6. Before analyzing the Chinese forays in Energy markets South Asia , a basic question needs to be answered ,Why China? .The answer lies in the fact that India and China share many similarities. The countries are located in the same geographical area and are amongst the worlds most populated countries. They are the fastest growing economies in the world and are dependent on oil imports to fuel their economic growth. Th e way China has jump started its economic growth holds some important lessons that can be learnt.7. The main reason fuelling Chinas aggressive forays into the energy markets are Chinas economic growth which has led to a near doubling of oil consumption in China. The average growth rate has been between 8-10% in the last decade . At this pace of economic growth, the Gross Domestic Product is expected to reach four times of its present value to 4.7 trillion dollars by year 2020 7 . This high rate of growth has been fuelled by growth in heavy industries which will increase the demand for energy by 150% in the next decade. The near doubling of oil consumption is also partly fuelled by the fact that there is a high requirement of petro-chemical products in heavy industries and an increase in automobile growth in China. This has led to an increase of 7.5% in oil demand every year.Competition to Access Oil Resources in South / South East Asia8. The oil situation emerging in South/ South Ea st Asia is further complicated by the ongoing tussle between China and India to secure their own energy supplies in this region. The stiff competition is mainly because of two reasons, firstly the countries are amongst the fastest growing economies and secondly they lack in sufficient domestic energy sources and are net importers of oil. The two nations are resorting to efforts, both in the diplomatic and economic spheres. These efforts include forging new diplomatic alliances, high profile diplomatic visits, financial aid to the South Asian countries and investments in economic sectors like infrastructure, telecom and mineral extraction and resource development etc.9. The state oil companies at the same time, are involved in deals in the oil and gas sectors purchasing stakes in oil fields which are already producing oil or are being explored, exchanging the know how in return for oil and participating in exploratory efforts to discover new oil and gas finds in the region . India is learning from the Chinese efforts in these fields as they have a head start over us in this area and have been quite successful in their efforts to secure their energy supplies. Both India and China are looking towards SriLanka, Bangladesh and Mayanmar for oil and Gas.Chinese Forays10. China is not only a major energy consumer, but also a major producer with a high degree of self-reliance. In 2008, Chinas energy production reached 2.06 billion tonnes of standard coal and the consumption was 2.22 billion tonnes, ranking the second both in terms of production and consumption with a self-sufficiency of 93%. Coal is the primary source of energy for China and oil comes the second. While meeting the domestic demand, China exports 6080 MT (million tonnes) of coal every year and is a main exporter of coal and charcoal in the world (even to India). Chinas power generation capacity in 2008-09 was the second largest only after that of USA. China produced over 182 MT of petroleum and 54 BCM (b illion cubic metres) of natural gas.11. To fulfil its growing appetite for energy, China is aggressively pursuing various energy resources. Chinese companies are involved in acquisition of oil companies, buying oil fields and purchasing partnerships in oil fields that are being developed.China is pursuing a multi dimensional approach which is a mix of diplomatic and economic efforts. One of the main thrust of Chinas oil policy is towards Asia and Africa. The importance of Africa countries to China can be appreciated from the fact that the trade between these is expected to rise many fold by the years to come . As part of its Go West policy, China is also accessing the Central Asian Region. It has plans to build pipelines from Tarim Basin in China to Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in order to import oil and gas. In 2004, construction began on a pipeline from North West Kazakhstan to Xinjiang to carry oil. Chinese influence in the Central Asian Republics can be gauged from the fact that these republics now subscribe to the Chinese view on a multi polar world, and its views on various regional and international issues like Tibet, Taiwan etc.CHAPTER-IIIINDIAS EFFORTS TO SECURE ENERGY SUPPLIES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF MYANMAR1. India Hydrocarbon Vision 2025 document as discussed earlier had given considerable importance to the role of gas in the energy mix to realize the projected national growth rates. This may be is primarily because though we may be having a large deposits of coal however the domestically produced coal has very high ash and sulphur content and is of very low calorific value . The coal utilized in the country has 4000 kcal/kg as against 6000 kcal/kg available in imported coal. In fact, the coal used in the Indian power plants has a calorific of value 3500 kcal/kg. Large estimates of total coal reserves do give a false sense of security because current and future technologies will convert only a small portion of the total reserves into a mineable catego ry. Owing to all these reasons the govt has started looking towards new sources of energy supply so as to have a requisite amount of strategic energy reserve 8.2. There have been several large natural gas finds in India over the last five years, predominantly in the offshore Bay of Bengal (Krishna Godavari region). The discoveries also fit into the recent trend of large upstream developments in the Bay of Bengal, especially in the Krishna Godavari basin. Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation (GSPC) holds an estimated 20 Tcf of natural gas reserves in the KrishnaGodavari area 9. ONGC has worked to maximize its recovery rate at the Mumbai High, which supplies the bulk of the countrys natural gas at present.Transnational Pipeline to meet India s needs3. Iran-Pakistan-India Pipeline. India has considered various proposals for international pipeline connections with other countries. One such scheme is the Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) Pipeline, which has been under discussion since early nine ties (1994). The plan calls for a roughly 1,700-mile, 2.8-Bcf/d pipeline to run from the South Pars fields in iran to the Indian state of Gujarat 11.4. Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline. India has shown interest to join onto the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan pipeline. The TAP project consists of 1,500-mile pipeline originating in Turkmenistans Dauletabad Donmexnatural gas fields and transporting the fuel to markets in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and to India. Initial plans for the TAP call for the line to have a capacity between 2-4Bcf/d at an estimated cost of $3.4 billion. While India has publicly promoted this scheme while negotiations with Iran have slowed, the TAPI(India) project faces a variety of hurdles. India has concerns about the security of the proposed line, which would traverse unstable regions in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Furthermore, a recent review of the TAPI project raised doubts whether the Turkmen natural gas supplies are sufficient to meet its pr oposed export commitments.5. Imports from Myanmar.A third international pipeline proposal envisions India importing natural gas from Myanmar. In March 2006, the governments of India and Myanmar signed a natural gas supply deal, although a specific pipeline route has yet to be determined. Initially, the two countries planned to build a pipeline that would cross Bangladesh. However, after indecision from Bangladeshi authorities over the plans, India and Myanmar have studied the possibility of building a pipeline that would terminate in the eastern Indian state of Tripura and not cross Bangladeshi soil at all. Let us now discuss the impotence of Myanmar and see as to why is it so relevant in the overall energy game.GEO-STRATEGIC LOCATION OF MYANMARGeographic Loc6. Myanmar shares common borders with five countries Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, and Thailand 1,800 km. India dominates Myanmars western borders, just as China dominate its north-eastern borde rs. Thailand borders the entire eastern part of Myanmar except for narrow strip that borders Laos. And this makes Myanmar a strategic land bridge linking South, and Southeast Asia 12.7. As a littoral of the Indian Ocean, Myanmars strategic value further increases. Its 1930 km long coastline dominates the eastern arch of the Bay of Bengal, leaning on to the Malacca Strait. Thus Myanmar provides China the shortest land and sea access to South Asia, just as it provides convenient external land and sea communication options to Indias landlocked north-eastern states. Myanmars ocean boundaries are barely 30 km from the Andaman Islands increasing its maritime security potential.8. Most of Myanmars mountain ranges and major river systems run north-south. This makes construction of road communication and movement from Indias east to Myanmar against the grain of the country difficult. At the same time it facilitates easier movement from the Chinese border in the northeast, and provides for na tural flow of traffic. The Chinese have used this favourable terrain configuration to build road from the Chinese border to Mandalay in the heart of Myanmar and onward to the coast. As Myanmar provides the shortest access from mainland China to Indias eastern borders these developments have special long term strategic significance to India.9. Indias north-eastern states bordering Myanmar are not as well developed as Yunnan province of China bordering Myanmar in the northeast. China has found it useful to link the development of Yunnan region jointly with Myanmar and Laos. Thus the two-way border trade and commerce is qualitatively and quantitatively better with China than with India.10. While Indias relations with Myanmar have seen substantial improvement in recent years, Myanmar apparently remains within the Chinese sphere of influence. India has moved from voicing its opposition to the military juntas crackdown on pro-democracy activists and the arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi, the lea der of the National League for Democracy to a more pragmatic, non-interventionist policy. This change in policy by India has been prompted by its desire to access the regions energy resources, gain access to the vast markets of Southeast Asia and to balance the influence of China.Strategic Significance of Myanmar11. Strategic Importance to India.The reasons for the strategic importance of Myanmar to India are(a) Myanmar is located at the tri junction of East Asia, South Asia and South East Asia.(b) Myanmar is the second largest of Indias neighbours and the largest on the eastern flank.(c) Myanmar provides the Eastern littoral of the Bay of Bengal. An unfriendly Myanmar hosting foreign naval presence would pose a threat to Indian security.(d) Myanmar has a big border with China in the north contiguous with the Sino-Indian disputed border which has many implications.(e) India has both a land border and a maritime boundary with Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal. Four Indian states (Arunacha l Pradesh, Nagaland,Manipur and Mizoram) border Myanmar (Kachin Chin states and Sagaing Division) .(f) China can gain easy access to Indian Ocean through Myanmar.12. Strategic Importance to China.In recent years, the strategic landscape in Southeast Asia has begun to change with the emergence of the Peoples Republic of China as a regional power. Chinas economic and military capabilities have grown dramatically at a time when Chinas traditional security challenge, Russia, has faded. Japan remains a long-term, but not an immediate security problem for China. This has left China free, in geopolitical terms, to shift its attention to the south Asia. Most striking manifestation of this development has been a very assertive policy toward the South China Sea i.e., the entire sea and all the islands within it are now claimed as Chinese sovereign territory. Myanmar has a great deal of strategic significance for both India and China. Myanmars role in providing China a shorter access route to Indian Ocean and South Asia is going to be crucial in the strategic scene of South Asia. The Chinese have used the geophysical advantage they enjoy to gain access to Myanmars mineral and natural gas resources. Following a policy of non-interference in internal affairs of the country, China has become the main supplier of arms to Myanmar. This has enabled the military junta in power to beat the western sanctions and double the Army strength.The Energy factor13. Chinas building of a port in Pakistan, its extra-polite friendship with the rulers of Myanmar and now its offer to Iran to pick up gas from Pakistan, is all part of thecountrys quest for energy to feed its export economy and to marginalise Indias traditional dominance in the South Asian region. There, a mix of its own but rapidly depleting oil, low-grade coal and imported oil and gas are keeping the wheels of the export industry churning.14. Myanmar is being cultivated as an exclusive oil and gas supplier to China. The extrao rdinary friendship the Chinese have struck up with the Myanmar rulers is not so puzzling if it is appreciated that oil and gas are Chinas main interest there. To this affect all loans advanced and all military hardware being sold have only one purpose to allow them to grab as much oil and gas as they can 13 .15. South-East Asias biggest proven gas reserve lies in the Shwe field, just off the coast of Ramree Island. There is a plan to build a pipeline to carry the gas from Shwe field to China. A parallel pipe is also planned to be completed in next two years that will carry Middle Eastern and African oil from a new deep-water harbour atKyaukphyu, bypassing the Strait of Malacca and fuelling the economy of Chinas south-west . China has made huge energy investments in Myanmar and plans to construct overland energy transport routes through that country to avoid the Malacca Straits choke point. This is a possibly the key factor behind Beijings support for the military junta in Myanmar.16 . The China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) signed six contracts on production sharing with the Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) of the Ministry of Energy from October 2004 to January 2005 14 . The China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation and its subsidiary Dian Quiangui Petroleum Exploration also work the inland fields. Moreover, the China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC) and its subsidiary Chinnery Assets also won contracts to upgrade the four old oilfields in central Myanmar.17. In a development of strategic importance, recently China beat India to sign a 30-year mega deal to import natural gas from fields in Myanmar offshore where interestingly Indias oil companies have 25 percent stake. Chinas State-run China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC) entered into a gas sales agreement with South Koreas Daewoo International for buying gas from the Shwe field in A-1 offshore block and the adjoining A-3 block15 .Possible Implications Of Chinese Intentions18. Myanmar, after decades of neutrality and a strictly non-aligned foreign policy has today emerged as Chinas principle military ally in Asia. China was the first country to officially recognize Myanmars State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) after it seized power in September 1988. However, prior to this coup China had poured in arms, ammunition in Myanmar and actively supported rebels in Myanmar. This change can be explained in terms of Chinas changing post-Cold Warstrategic thinking and its priorities. Apart from sharing strategic and economic interests, China and Myanmar also share more than 2,000 km long common border. Besides, Myanmar has also been historically viewed as a buffer state between China and India. Thus, for reasons of geographical proximity, history and security, China has been going overboard trying to sweep Myanmar into its sphere of influence with a combination of economic, diplomatic and military ties16 . China also views Myanmar as a gateway to Indo-China, South Eas t Asia and the Indian Ocean.Domination of Myanmar enables China to encircle littoral and degrade Indias security environment along its North-eastern border and in the Bay of Bengal.Energy Security19. It is now very clear that China is an emerging economic and military super power. Its economy has been growing at a consistent rate of 8-10% for the last 10 years and is expected to grow at the same rate in years to come. To be able to sustain its growth rate, China has huge energy requirement and is forging alliances all over the world to not only meet its requirements but also secure energy resources for future. Myanmar has reportedly worlds tenth biggest gas reserves estimated to be more than 90 trillion cubic feet.20. Eighty percent of China bound oil and liquid natural gas passes through the Indian Ocean. Therefore, China is giving special importance to building strategic naval assets in the Indian Ocean. The building of the Gwadar port in Pakistan ia s part of this plan. Its naval listening facility in Myanmar is also augmenting Chinas blue water capabilities. But Chinas chief interest in Myanmar, analysts say, may liein its strategic location as a site for pipelines that Beijing reportedly wants to build from Burmas ports to southern China for trans-shipping oil and gas brought by tankers from the Middle East. That would reduce Chinas need to ship oil or gas through the Malacca Straits, which Beijing worries could be closed off by the Indian Navy in the event of a conflict. Standing in the way of Chinese mastery of Indian Ocean shipping lanes is the Indian naval facility in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal, opposite the Malacca Straits. In addition, Indias modernization of its navy and its proposed acquisition of nuclear submarines and aircraft carriersare not sitting well with the Chinese. From these small islands, India can interdict most of Chinas energy imports.

History Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh Philosophy Essay

History Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh Philosophy EssayHu partization responds to a essential to complement the extremes that converge in the nature of the charitable creation, by which the move of achieving a balance in life evict be know as these extremes shorten its distance and be able to assimilate and concern within the condition of beingness human. In the epic of Gilgamesh, this is how this complementarity is set amongst the relationship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu, beings of opposite natures. They will find their human condition nether the direct influence that superstar have over the new(prenominal). In the gigantic path they will manage to perform great tasks and adventures, which will besides enhance their ties of friendship and loyalty.On one hand, Gilgamesh, King of Uruk, was shown to be a haughty, tyrant and an arrogant character. He is son of Lugulbanda, king of the first dynasty of Uruk and his induce Ninsun, who was a minor goddess. The gods created him with a per fect body. The bigger part of him was make in heaven and the smaller part somewhere on earth. (Jackson 21)The around divine sub shapey of Gilgamesh makes him non be considered human, and in his mind he does non consider the idea of closing as a real theory as for the rest of the human beings. What magnifies his tyranny and arrogance makes him be feared among the quite a little of Uruk.On the other hand, Enkidu, created by Aruru to be the counterpart of Gilgamesh, was born as an animal. He grew up in the woods, raised by nature with a wacky personality. He did not know of people and lived with gazelles. Enkidu, the boy who walked on mountains, who eats the food of the beasts and, like the beasts, issue forths down at will to drink from the watery hole (Jackson 23). Enkidu was seduced by a prostitute named Shamhat and this being his religious rite of humanization. She let him see what a force a girl can have, and he stayed with her scented bush for seven nights (Jackson 23). The friends he has from on wild will exile him if he presses his person (Jackson 23). Due to this fact, Enkidu starts to build ken and reason, so he finally acquires the courage to go in assay of Gilgamesh. The prostitute said to him Please come with me and be my love at the immaculate domicile and at that place we will see Gilgamesh, the advocatorful (Jackson 24).The next these poles, the greater the possibility is of creating a balance between them. I commune for fortune and for fate to send me such a one that I may have a friend whos as kind and unhurried as a brother.(Jackson 26). He manages to lose his arrogance and a abut of humanization begins that makes him leave behind his tyranny. That is why Gilgamesh forges ties of friendship with Enkidu. Enkidu and Gilgamesh joined in sacred friendship and sea conduct their solemn bond with a alarming kiss. (Jackson 28).Both showing different types of forces complement what they represent and go humanizing always to from each one other. Enkidu worries about how he will die being as a wild animal when raised in the woods he never had thought about the real meaning that oddment could have. Moreover, for Gilgamesh, the devastation of his friend Enkidu marks a turning point in his life. From in that location one, he achieved assuming his human condition, and therefore mortal.Two systems can be found between the being that is ours, imperfect, and the divine world. The imperfect world is the world of Gilgamesh in which there is suffering. The Divine world where Enkidu comes from is a world where there is no suffering, where there is immortality. The story is based on tragedy as the cardinal protagonists break the rules established by the gods.Aristotle stated that the person who does not dwell within the human limits is either a beast or a God. He defined the limits of the human field with divinity in one end and animal nature in the other. The Gods differ from piece by their immortality, for these bein gs, death is something impossible. On the other hand, the animals lack the awareness of death and it is something unthinkable. Against these impossible and unthinkable aspects man is aware of his death. This awareness is what marks the limit of the human, the divine and the animal. Taking it to the case of Gilgamesh, believed that being a demigod he was immortal. For him it was impossible, but to witness the death of his friend Enkidu. He realizes death and led him to consider the subject of death and above all to fear it. For Enkidu, being in a primitive and animal state he was not aware of death. His state of chimericality was not able to understand that one day he will die.The death of Enkidu is the destination to which he must(prenominal) return, because he is the god of the underworld. His destiny was to return to the chaos. On the death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh does not support the idea of being without his love life friend and much little the idea of dying, but failing in his attempts to attain immortality, accepts resigned and becomes a clear-sighted man and returned to his life of ruling in Uruk.Gilgamesh undertake a untiring search to achieve immortality in the same way as other mortal have done it, the distant Utnapishtim found it through the gods. Ive come to ask directions to Utnapishtim, who lives so free beyond deaths deep, deep lake. Where can he be?(Jackson 52). During his voyage, disappointment and discouragement take over him and makes him a man consumed by sadness. God, has your heart forgotten me? (Jackson 61).The characters are relatively free because when they go to some of their adventures, specifically when hunting Humbaba, is it totally their decision to let the the Tempter live or kill him. The uncertainty and fear they had to face when engagement Humbaba against his strength and armor. Even with the protection of the god Shamash, weapons, intelligence and physical power there was no guarantee that they came out victorious in the battle. though Shamash intervened for us, saying we had slain Humbaba and the bull with his consent (Jackson 39). At the end when the ophidian steals the plant of youth, it was not a plan of the gods but simply an offspring of bad fortune.Gilgamesh is the representation of the essence of the man, since it has strengths, fears, ambitions and flaws that every human being has. During the story, ruling emotions, such as love that Gilgamesh and Enkidu felt in their friendship, the pain of a loss in the hands of death, and the revenge of the gods to see the glorious tasks of the two friends. I greatly love my friend who was always there for me. I loved Enkidu who was always there for me.(Jackson 50) The desperation of Gilgamesh to reach immortality, which for him was something unattainable, and the fear of death can also be noticed. Finally the comfort that feels Gilgamesh arriving at his beloved city understanding the issues that have been big concerns in the history of human evoluti on, these being the meaning of life, the fear of death, and the search for immortality.The instincts of Gilgamesh and Enkidu lead us to a state of balance between the natural and the divine. This state can be found between the supreme and the animal and every human being has it. Gilgamesh lowers his attitudes of demigod and tyrant, becoming a being fearful, passionate, and filled with human feelings. Furthermore, Enkidu goes from an irrational position to a rational and emotional one. The two characters need each other, because they would never have reached the stage of humanization without the complementation of both.