Controversy of Privacy and the Internet - 1117 Words

â€Å"Privacy is dead – get over it†, according to Steve Rambam, a privacy investigator who specializes in Internet privacy cases, this is how he considers privacy to be in today’s society. He is just another entity living in the midst of a high technology society to whom privacy seems to be dead when reaching the Internet. With all the traffic on the Internet, the risk of private information falling into the wrong hands is excessive, and with all the advances in computer technology the rate of privacy loss is increasing as well. With the right knowledge and experience in technology anything on the Internet can be access by anyone causing an individual’s privacy to be exposed and violated.. Internet privacy, a subset to computer privacy, involves the mandate of personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information relating to oneself via Internet. The controversy of privacy concern has being articulated form the beginnings of large scale computer sharing. According to Maureen Dorney in her article, â€Å"Privacy and the Internet† she states that in 1993 there were already 83% of Americans that were concerned with threats to personal privacy. In fact, this was not the only year in which data was collected. She adds that in 1970 there were an increasing number of populations being threat of privacy violations. Since then, the controversy prompted several members of congress to call for increased privacy protection for dataShow MoreRelatedIs Personal Privacy At Risk From Social Media?1624 Words   |  7 PagesIs personal privacy at risk due to social media? Since the creation of the first social media site in the late 1990s, over 2 billion people around the world use social media every day. Over the past decade personal and professional life have gradually become overwhelmed with social media, such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. What all these sites have in common is that they enable people to share, communicate, connect, and build careers while enjoying their social lives. In this world, people haveRead MoreElectronic Communication Privacy Act ( Eassy )1354 Words   |  6 PagesElectronic communication privacy act †¢ The government has set new standards to obtain digital information of citizens introduced in 1986. The law has not changed, but the technology dramatically. ( US public-private partnership for cyber-security , 2010). The government has privilege to get electronic data without needing a warrant. Some sort of movement launched against it to bring a small variation, but the debate is still going on. Cyber intelligence sharing and protection act †¢ This lawRead MoreEmployee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Employee privacy rights have been the topic of great debate in recent years. This essay will examine: the definition of privacy, employers rights to access activities done in the workplace, to whom the resources such as time and equipment belong, and employee monitoring as an invasion of privacy or a performance evaluation tool. These are the core issues of the employee privacy rights controversy. Employee privacy rights should only be applicable to the personalRead MoreThe Ethics Of The European Union Data Protection Legislation1694 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the crash were circulating on the Internet. As summarized in a later court filing, two employees of the CHP admitted to e-mailing nine gruesome images of Castouras’ injuries to their friends and family members on Halloween—for pure shock value. The Catsouras family took legal action against the CHP in an attempt to remove the gruesome pictures off the Internet. This incident is one of many that has caused individu als to demand a right that would allow Internet users to protect themselves from beingRead MoreEssay about Operation of National Security Agency (NSA)620 Words   |  3 Pagesthat deal with vast amounts of peoples’ private information such as buying habits and personal online activity. Some of the companies involved in this dispute include social media giants like and Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook as well as other huge internet corporations such as Microsoft, Yahoo, AOL, Apple, and Google. On the federal side of this fiasco includes government organizations like the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The primary issue of discussionRead MoreThe Nsa s Prism Program Information Without Public Knowledge1079 Words   |  5 PagesSnowden, a former National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance analyst, told the world that the NSA had a program that was using the servers of U.S internet companies to gather information. Snowden leaked a document, detailing his findings about the NSA’s PRISM program retrieving information from prominent tech companies. (â€Å"What is the NSA Controversy and what did Edward Snowden leak?†) PRISM or Planning Tool for Resource Integration, Synchronization, and Management, is a government program whichRead MoreA Short Note On Anti Internet Surveillance Speech894 Words   |  4 Pages2016 Anti-Internet Surveillance Speech There is a massive amount of videos online devoted to an experience that most of you have probably experienced; it is an experience where a person, thinking they are alone, engages in some expressive behavior, such as dancing or singing, only to discover that they are not alone, that there is someone watching them. This discovery often causes them to immediately stop what they are doing and recoil in shame and embarrassment, the sense of privacy that allowedRead MoreThe Protection of Consumer Privacy in E-Business1062 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic business, commonly known as eBusiness or e-business ,is a business running on the Internet. Beside buying and selling, it also serves a much wider consumer base and collaborates with business partners. The term also has an accurate definition -interaction with business partners, where the interaction is enabled by information technology. When information technology has become more accessible, much cheaper and more powerful, E-business has become a new trend. Because of low runningRead MoreThe Right Of Privacy : A Human Right And An Element Of Various Legal Traditions1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right to Privacy can be described as a human right and an element of various legal traditions which may restrain both government and private party action that threatens the privacy of individuals. On the topic of an individual s Right to Privacy, there comes controversy. Some would argue that it is a right and others would say it is a privilege. Those that say it is a privilege, would argue that the Right to Privacy can be taken from anyone at anytime without their consent. On the flip sideRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Privacy Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesHoltzman, David H. Technology Threatens Privacy. Privacy Lost: How Technology Is Endangering Your Privacy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2006. Rpt. in Civil Liberties. Ed. Roman Espejo. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpo ints in Context. Web. 18 Oct. 2016. This article discusses how technology causes a threat to people’s privacy. The author explains how anything we have ever put on the internet whether it was deleted or not is still out there in someone’s database

Introduction For Antigone Essay Example For Students

Introduction For Antigone Essay In Sophocles play Antigone, Antigones life is taken from her becauseof her choice to follow the moral law by burying her brother and disobeying thecivil law, which forbid this. According to the gods everyone is entitled to theproper burial. Everyone has a right to be put to peace upon his or her death. Creon enforced an edict (the civil law) that Polyneices is not entitled to aproper burial because he is considered a traitor of Thebes. p.199 Creon feltthat if a person acted against the state he or she loses the right to be buried,and put to rest in peace. Antigone made the decision to bury her brotherPolyneices, even though it was against Creons edict. She had chosen to dowhat is right according to the gods, and bury her brother. The laws of the godswere more important to her then obey the law of the humans. Because she made themoral choice of siding with the gods, Creon, the king, sentenced her to death. She knew of this punishment before making her decision, but she felt overwhelmedthat burying her brother was the moral, and righteous thing to do. She waswilling to die for her brother. p.209 When Antigone and Creon have theconfrontation, Antigone tells Creon that heavens laws are more powerful thanCreons laws. Antigone reminds Creon that it is not the place of a mortal toquestion or amend the divine law under no circumstances. Antigone tells Creonthat she has no sorrow for what she done nor will she back down. Creon views thelaws of the state as the highest laws in existence. He is ignoring the divinelaws, which are higher than any law that is created by man. Creon commits thesin of blasphemy, by claiming that the gods do not give a damn about Polyneicesbody. p. 203 Creon believes that he is just in sentencing Antigone to deathbecause she did not follow the civil law; however, she was following the morepowerful law divine law. Due to the fact that Antigone had a stronger desire forf ollowing the moral law, Creon who enforced the civil law sentenced her todeath. Mythology

Globalisation States Discussion

Globalisation is a novel process in that it symbolises the quick integration that societies in the world are going through while creating new challenges whose solutions are crucial to the long-term survival of the planet.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Globalisation States Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has been an evolution of global threats that threaten security, stability and prosperity of the now tightly interconnected global systems. With increased international cooperation on almost all fronts, there is an increased likelihood of risk freely proliferating easily and undetected across borders. The flawed international system that is in place is increasingly unable to address the novel challenges that face globalisation. Thus, the crippled system is full of design faults that make it difficult for the system to confront challenges presented by the volatility of the contemporar y world organization. In contemporary world politics, both national and global policy making is weak and fragmented and therefore unable to contain complex issues such as terrorism and economic crises leading to catastrophic global crises with far reaching political effects. Fortunately, the global order that has been set by globalisation is largely a product of political and economic orders that exists in the world today. Through forums such as the G7 and G20, globalisation is changeable. Given most globalisation trends are influenced by complex socio, economic and political dynamics, willingness of these dynamic’s sources is key to changing the course of globalisation. International Organisation and Institutions Contemporary world politics is shaped by international organizations that most of the time speak and advance the agenda of the countries they represent. The most dominant organizations today in contemporary world politics include both political and economic grouping s such as the UN, EU, G7, AU, ASEAN, NAFTA and WTO whose hand in world politics is clearly visible. Besides, there are established institutions like the US, a sovereign nation, which is by far the most influential and most powerful of all world groupings.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Faced with growing challenges, international organizations are constantly going through changes that help in mitigating international crises. For instance, some of these organizations like the EU, NATO and AU have established military wings meant to combat crises such as terrorism and narcotics trafficking. They have also set up powerful secretariats some with legislative councils to make laws on issues such as immigration, which apply across the member countries. Despite their role in combating global crises, these organizations have also been accused of creating the very problems the y are meant to address. Failure by these organizations to act like in the case of UN’s failure in Rwanda, and establishment of toothless bodies within them has contributed to the start or escalation of some crises. In some cases, these bodies play a direct role in the start and escalation of crises for instance the war in Afghanistan that was started by the US and UK and supported by UN and NATO. Diplomacy and International Law Diplomacy and international law have always been the preferred mechanism to solve international crises. However, they have both gone through a lot of evolution since World War II. There is increased application on the use of economic sanctions, arms embargos and coercion through soft power for countries to sign international treaties such the nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty that is meant to combat spread of nuclear weapons. Response by nations to international crises is very varied. Existing international laws and diplomatic protocols have restored sa nity to the way countries respond to international crises. In most cases, many countries use established channels like envoy recall to protest to perceived international wrongs.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Globalisation States Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though many countries do reiterate a reserve of the right to unilateral strike on perceived enemy nations, there is consensus among nations that organizations such as the UN have to play a crucial role before such a drastic step is taken. Some of the international bodies offer diplomatic platforms on which world crises are resolved. Some like the UN and G7 have considerable influence in resolving and/or averting these crises. While the UN is legitimate and well suited for this role, the G7 is wields considerable influence in diplomatic circles thanks to their immense wealth. Despite this influence however, the UN is a more legitim ate platform since all nations recognise it and has in place established mechanisms that can deal with such issues. Conflict and Intervention in World Politics The UN Charter that establishes the organization bans the use of or threat to the use of force against sovereign territories and/or in a manner that contravenes UN regulations. However, a state (s) can intervene beyond their national borders by use of military force within another country’s territory for purposes of protecting civilians from real or perceived atrocities in order to avert a humanitarian crisis as was in the case in Libya. Such intervention on humanitarian grounds challenges state sovereignty in that despite the humanitarian undertones, a country’s independence and right to non-foreign interference is violated. In my opinion, this limitation on sovereignty is uncalled for since it can easily become the genesis of unending conflict, destabilizing otherwise stable societies which end up becoming bre eding grounds for criminal elements.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Distinctions between political and humanitarian and political intervention are legitimate because they help in defining the extent to which nations can interfere in one another’s affairs. This critical writing on Globalisation States Discussion was written and submitted by user Namor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fascism Essays - Fascism, Far-right Politics, Nationalism

Fascism Essays - Fascism, Far-right Politics, Nationalism Fascism Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. This right-wing philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such high regards. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against perceived oppressors or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the peoples will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism is Italys Benito Mussolini and Germanys Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fascism can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are main philosophers whos beliefs and ideologies greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel (1847-1922) was a French social philosopher who had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies naturally became decadent and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsche (1844-1900) theorized that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from the master majority and the religious ideas and views grew out the slave majority. The idea of the "overman" or superman which symbolized man at his most creative and highest intellectual capacity was brought about by Nietzsche as well. Hegal believed people should sacrifice for the community. He thought war was also necessary to unify the state, with peace bring nothing but a weak society. Hegal also sustained that laws should be made by the corporate organization of the state. Fascism values human nature in a group for the benefit of the community. The group as a whole is called the human will, which is ruled by a select group or one leader, with the power being passed down from top to bottom. Fascism seeks to organize an organization led mass movement in an effort to capture the state power. When the power is in the firm grip of the ruler, or IL Duce, the government will be used to control the population and everything in it so the community will be benefited. Fascisms ideal government would be fashioned around the good of the community or nation. Everyone would work for the benefit of the nation and that is all. Regularly this would take place with the merging of the state and business leadership, with concern only of the nation. In this the nation will also take care of its members if the need should arise. This could be money ,shelter, food, or any other need that might come about. The ideology of Fascism has been identified with totalitarianism, state terror, fanaticism, arranged violence, and blind obedience. Adolf Hitler established his own personal ideology, Mein Kampf, which means My Struggle. The book was written while Hitler was in prison and not yet in power. Mussolini fashioned his ideology after he took control of Italy. Despite their two different angles on the use of Fascism Hitler and Mussolini both worked similarly on how they established their principles in the same basic manner. Their principles came from basic responses to various issues the leaders faced. Fascism is an authoritarian political movement that developed in Italy and other European countries after 1919 as a reaction against the profound political and social changes brought about from inflation, and declining social, economic, and political conditions. Italy, which was ready for a new political aspect, was the birthplace of fascist ideology. Benito Mussolini was the man who brought this ideology to Italy. Mussolini had been looking for the perfect opportunity to take complete control of the country and now was the time to do so. Mussolini said "Fascism, which was not afraid to call itself reactionarydoes not hesitate to call itself illiberal and anti-liberal" (Nazi Fascism and the Modern Totalitarian State) this statement can be easily recognized in the steps

Jarena Lee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jarena Lee - Essay Example s within the journal that neither of her parents had been particularly religious, and that their lack of Christian faith meant that they had not bothered to teach her about the gospel and Jesus Christ. It is interesting to note that Mrs Jarena Lee contends that parents did not bring her up as a Christian due to their lack of religious beliefs rather than their lack of formal education, or their lowly social and economic status.1 Instead it is the women that live on Mr Sharp’s estate who decided to partially teach the seven year old Jarena Lee about the Christian gospel. They did not however fully convert her to Christianity. She did feel enough guilt about being caught lying as a child that she promised to herself that she would never tell another lie. According to her own journal attempting not to lie at all was still enough to give her meaningful intellectual, educational, psychological and theological experiences or turn her life around. Between the ages of seven and twenty-one the young Jarena Lee did not according to own journal experience anything to profoundly her alter or enhance her intellectual, educational, psychological and theological experiences. The Journal of Jarena Lee records that her spiritual experiences altered after she attended a sermon carried out b a Presbyterian preacher at a nearby school building when she was twenty-one years old during the year 1804. The sermon that she heard that day convinced her that she needed to accept and live by the Christian gospel and in that way achieve life altering religious not to mention spiritual experiences. The sermon and the words of the Presbyterian preacher effectively convinced Jarena Lee that she could only truly achieve worthwhile spiritual experiences by fully embracing evangelical Christianity. The experience of the sermon at the schoolhouse persuaded Jarena Lee to regularly attend church meetings, services, and sermons, strengthening her Christian faith.2 For Mrs Jarena Lee her

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cybersecurity - Coursework Example The convict individuals are known as hackers. Generally, hackers hack others computers with the help of internet for stealing organizational and personal information without any authorization in order to cause certain mental or physical harm to the victim in present or in future. In recent years, the role of cyber security has become quite prominent as has been identified by different nations and organizations throughout the world. Cyber security can play a vital role in order to identity the attempt of any such malicious activities by the cyber criminals and also to stop cybercrime from taking place by devising appropriate security measures. Furthermore, it is also observed that for identifying and punishing cybercrime offenders, government of the United States (US) has enacted certain laws which include â€Å"Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act† (CALEA), Computer Software Privacy and Control Act, Digital Millennium Copyright Act and Electronic Communications Pr ivacy Act among others (Global Legal Resources, 2012). With due consideration to the aspect, the paper intends to state about the motivation of the actors i.e. cyber criminals along with the role of cyber security to prevent cybercrime. ... spect of hacker culture represents the relationship between the hackers and modern society which discloses cultural attitudes about the relationship between the people along with technology (Thomas, 2003). Along with this motivational factor, there are also two factors which include intrinsic and extrinsic motivation further which also motivate hackers to take certain criminal steps. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation can be defined as the type of motivation in which an individual performs for enjoyment or interest rather than for gaining rewards (Woo, 2003). In relation to this aspect, it can be stated that hackers at times hack others’ systems in order to pass their time and to enjoy the situation while hacking. Generally, this influence arises from own-self than that of external influences. Moreover, extrinsic motivation can be defined as the external influences which help to meet the self-esteem. This motivation is devolved by individuals intentionally in order to win certa in rewards such as status, name and money among others (Woo, 2003). It can be observed that for making money, name and status, external motivation can influence hackers to commit such offences that are punishable by law by utilizing their skills in wrong direction. This is because hackers compete with their peers and rivals to earn more money and name. Contextually, it can be stated that the motivation of hackers/actors differ from situation to situation. There are certain factors which motivate hackers to hack others computer which include monetary gain, intellectual challenges, self-expression and peer recognition along with mischief among others. Monetary gain is one of the major causes which motivate cyber criminals to hack accounts prevailing in the banks. It is recognized that at times

Assessing Young Learners Speaking Ability in the Fifth Grade of Three Elementary Schools in Padang Essay Example for Free

Assessing Young Learners Speaking Ability in the Fifth Grade of Three Elementary Schools in Padang Essay CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem Communicative view development in English learning makes the focus on English teaching changed. What once became structurally focused, it now moves toward meaningful language-focused. Students are not asked to memorize structure-based dialogues without knowing the meaning anymore. There are no more grammatically controlled sentences for students’ meaningless repetition. Dialogues, if used, center around communicative functions and are not normally memorized (Richards Rodgers, 1986). That makes the teaching of speaking becomes the core part of English teaching. Just like the adults, young learners today are also taught speaking meaningfully and communicatively. However, young learners have distinctive characteristics compared with adult learners. One of them is children are still developing cognitively, linguistically, socially, emotionally, and physically (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). In other words, in teaching speaking to them, teachers need to consider children’s development of skills in the native language first. Young learners also enjoy rhythmic and repetitive language more than adults do. They are more likely to play with language than adults are, and they can be more effectively engaged through stories and games (Peck, 2009). The different techniques and approaches in teaching speaking to young learners lead to different ways in the speaking assessment. This is the problem faced by Indonesian young learners’ teachers nowadays. Most teachers do not know how they should assess their young learners’ speaking ability; some finally choose to skip the speaking assessment and focus on pencil-paper-tests. Thus, this research is conducted to discover and reveal ways of assessing young learners’ speaking ability. B. Identification of the Problem Based on the background above, the speaking assessment techniques used for young learners should be different from the adult. It should be suited with their cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional, and physical development. As we looked upon Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices by Brown (2010) and integrated it with curriculum standard in Indonesia, KTSP 2006, young learners will be better to be assessed in imitative and intensive speaking categories, such as imitating teachers’ saying, directed response tasks, read-aloud tasks, and dialogue completion tasks. Alternative assessments such as interviews and conferences can also be applied for them. C. Limitation of the Problem In this research, the problem will be focused on the speaking assessment techniques in the fifth grade of three selected elementary schools in Padang. D. Formulation of the Problem * What kind of speaking assessment technique used by elementary school English teachers? * Why do they use such techniques? E. Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to discover and reveal the technique used by English teachers to assess elementary school students’ speaking ability. F. Significance of the Research Theoretically, this research is aimed to give a description of how speaking assessment for young learners done in Indonesia. Practically, some techniques used by English teachers provided here can be a source of alternative speaking assessment. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. The Nature of Assessment There has been various explanation of what assessment is. Brindley (as stated in Linse, 2005) refers assessment as â€Å"collecting information and making judgments on a learner’s knowledge†. It means that in assessing students, we need to find out what students know about the subject being taught and how far that understanding has reached the learning indicator. In the same line with Brindley but with an addition, Brown (2010) states assessment as â€Å"an ongoing process of collecting information about a given object of interest according to procedures that are systematic and substantively grounded.† In his statement above, Brown implies that the process of collecting and judging students’ understanding is not done orderly in one single time; it is done continuously. Harris and McCann (1994) also give an essential note that in doing assessment teachers have to measure the performance of their students and the progress they make, as well as diagnose the problems they have and provide useful feedback. In other words, collecting and judging students’ intelligence is not enough; finding out what becomes students’ problem and giving advice to them to overcome the problems is also important to create a more successful learning process. Based on the theories above, it can be seen that assessment involves collecting information about students’ knowledge and judging their understanding in order to diagnose the learning problems they have so that students can get useful feedback to be more-successful learners. B. The Nature of Speaking As stated in the previous chapter, today’s English teaching focuses more on communicative purpose of language learning than in the past. It leads to the more important consideration of speaking skills than in previous time. Just like assessment, there is also various definition of speaking. One of them is from Lingua Links (1998) that defines speaking as productive skill in the oral mode that involves more than just pronouncing words. Referring to today’s communicative view, of course speaking cannot be thought as just pronouncing words; it needs to be meaningful, and communicative. Furthermore, Noonan (2003) states that, if pronunciation included, speaking involves three areas: mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary), functions (transaction and interaction), and social cultural norms and rules (turn-taking, rate of speech, etc). All of them are connected to each other and prove that speaking is not only about what is uttered, but also the meaning and social purpose. C. The Nature of Young Learners Young learner is a child who is in their first six year of formal education, from age 6 to 12 (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). Many experts argue that it is beneficial to teach the children English since young age. TKT Young Learners (2010) notes one of the advantages that those children will have positive self-esteem toward English and it will help them to learn English more once they are adult. That is why teaching English to young learners considered important today. However, young learners have characteristics that make them different from the adults (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). First, they are still morally, cognitively, psychologically developed. Based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, children in age 6-12 years old are still in concrete operational thought stage, they already have the ability to do logical reasoning and understand reversibility with the help of concrete objects (Santrock, 1998). It means that explaining theory will not do for them, we need to make them move, do games, sing, etc. Second, young learners often have no obvious reason for learning English. Unlike adults who want to do it because of the career-related reasons or teenagers that do it to pass an exam, young learners do not have concrete reason why they must learn English. However, it does not mean they are not motivated to learn English; their goodwill, energy, and curiosity to learning overcome that. Third, they may not always have well-developed literacy skills to support their learning of English. Many children in the age of 6-12 years old are just getting to know their first language. It means that as a teacher we need to not have too-high expectation and do more. Fourth, young learners often learn slowly and forget quickly. It is related to the first characteristic that young learners are still developed morally, socially, and cognitively. Their still-ongoing developments in those basic things make them forget easily and learn slowly. This is why songs, agmes, and chants do best for them. D. Principles of Assessing Young Learners According to METU Open Course Ware (2006), principles of assessing children’s language learning are: 1. Assessment should be seen from a learning-centered perspective. It means that we cannot get a true assessment by testing kids what they can do alone. It has been stated by many experts that the goal of learning English is to be able to communicate meaningfully in English. Testing students, let alone young children, as a tool to get true assessment will not congruent with the real goal of English learning and it will just be wasting time. 2. Assessment should support learning and teaching. This is something that is not also becomes a problem with young learners, but also with the adult. Before performance-based assessment is introduced, teachers chose paper-and-pencil tests as their source of assessing (Puppin, 2006). It becomes a problematic then since students do not see the connection between the learning and the test they are doing, ; they see them as two different incongruent things. If the assessment done is congruent with the learning they did, children will feel that what they have learned is useful. 3. Children and parents should understand assessment issues. Their understanding will make the assessment process more meaningful since they can participate and supports greatly on behave of children’s English development. On the other hand, if they do not understand why the teacher does this and that, there will be no good communication between these three subjects to help children’s development. E. Techniques of Speaking Assessment Brown (2010) states some techniques of speaking assessment based on students’ language development level: Imitative Speaking This kind of assessment is intended to see whether students can imitate saying in English correctly. Eventhough it focuses on the accuracy of repeating words, it does not mean that it cannot be communicative and meaningful. Besides, in recent years many experts have discovered that an overemphasis on fluency can sometimes lead to the decline of accuracy in speech. Intensive Speaking There are four tasks in this kind of assessing: directed response task, oral questionnaire, and picture-cued task. In oral questionnaires, students are first given time to read the dialogue to get its main idea and to think about the appropriate lines to fill in. Then, as the tape, teacher produces one part orally; the students respond. In directed response task, students elicit a particular grammatical form of a transformation of a sentence. Such tasks are clearly mechanical and not communicative, but they do require minimal processing of meaning in order to produce the correct grammatical output. Picture-cued task requires a description from the students. Pictures may be very simple, designed to elicit a word or a phrase, or composed of a series that tells a story or incident. This task is meaningful since sometime a little sense of humor is injected. Responsive Speaking Assessment of responsive tasks involves brief interactions with an interlocutor, differing from intensive tasks in increased creativity given to the student and from interactive tasks by somewhat limited length of utterances. The kinds of this assessment are question and answer, giving instructions and directions, and paraphrasing. Questions and answers involve oral interaction with teacher.