Mill Happiness Theory

The moral of utilitarianism, especially in reference to John Stuart Mill, was the proportion of rightness or wrongness in action and living is ultimately determined by the action that produces the most happiness through its endeavor, and by the amount of people affected by it.   The most good that can come from an action then is the purpose of utilitarianism, as Mill states, â€Å"The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (42).   Thus, the moral of utilitarianism involves achieving the greatest happiness through actions, which was the original basis for the government. Pleasure, and freedom are must both be free of pain if they are to be considered true to the moral of utilitarianism.   The theory does not only address the fulfillment of happiness for the ‘doer’ but the lack of pain in any action accomplished.   The desire for pleasure is the supreme goal of the theory, and the prevention of pain is the underlining supposition. Mill states that being of higher intelligence thusly requires more to satisfy him.   Although man is more than capable of great joy, this joy is always coupled with great sorrow, yet, man would not trade the sorrow for the happiness of the pig because the joy of man’s life is go much more than that of a dunce. Happiness, joy, or good for the utilitarian is that which is righteous in mankind, his power to achieve greatness sometimes lies in his ability to sacrifice for the greater good and in this is found the pinnacle of the moral of utilitarianism as Mill writes, â€Å"Utilitarianism, therefore, could only attain its end by the general cultivation of nobleness of character, even if each individual were only benefited by the nobles of others, and his own, so far as happiness is concerned, were a sheer deduction from the benefit.   But the bare enunciation of such an absurdity as this last, renders refutation superfluous† (45). On the opposite side of the spectrum of good and bad according to utilitarianism, bad means the selfish nature of man; that is, sacrificing for egotistical reasons.   If a man sacrifices, becomes a martyr, and they seek personal gain instead of the aim of increasing happiness for the world, then their actions are deplorable because they were not given for the world but for the self. Man achieves the Greatest Happiness Principle by not always sacrificing himself for the good of the whole, but by being virtuous on a daily basis, and by acting out of charity, not by gainful employment towards the self and with this fact is found the foundation of political liberalism in its perfect state.   For utilitarianism, and the good that is meant in its concept of moral, Mill states, â€Å"To do as you would be done by and to love your neighbour as yourself constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality† (49). Utilitarianism construes good to mean a variety of things such as power, knowledge, beauty, moral quality, etc. and because of these parlayed meanings other forms of utilitarianism are endorsed from the original meaning.   Modern utilitarians believe that good is not the sole aim of the theory but other items (as listed above) have intrinsic value.   Ideal utilitarianism states that the actions of a person in the gaining of power, beauty, knowledge, etc. should also increase happiness, which in turn fulfills life.  Ã‚   On the other side of the spectrum, Classical utilitarianism suggests that pleasure is the main component of intrinsic good. This assignment has been given in order to distinguish Mill’s philosophy as well as to understand more thoroughly what is meant by individual happiness and a person’ s right to pursue such happiness. Work Cited Mill, John Stuart.   On Liberty.   Modern Library; New Ed edition (2002).   

Article review and analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article review and analyze - Essay Example The situation was getting out of hand and many people decided to change their citizenship to fit the favored party. Though most of these people were fighting for Canada, many innocent lives were lost. This was due to the advantage they would gain by fighting for this particular party. This situation shows that people were willing to fight for their rights irrespective of the conditions. Though there were looming attacks, children were protected and shielded away from any attacks. As a matter of fact, many children were not aware of the situation. All they could see were changes in their lifestyle and constant relocation. A better part of the Japanese Canadians was on the receiving end. This was a brainchild of racism as they were not considered worthy members of the society. For instance, a photo shows the Japanese Canadian internment in 1942. They are walking in unison along the streets since they have a point of commonality. However, some people had to go to greater lengths in expressing their commitment and willingness to prove their support (Nelson education ltd 2011). For instance, the author’s father had to volunteer in building the trans-Canada highway. Though some people were willing to show their support, they were still branded as enemies. This was through sheer protection of other family members that had settled at the stated place. Apparently, th e author states that his father did not want them to be relocated from Vancouver. Though there was immense pressure to relocate, males in the family had to consider all avenues of stabilizing their families. They did not want any danger to befall their families. For instance, the author’s father did everything to make sure the children were not facing any danger or pain. In the turn of events, children still had perfect stay in the affected area as an effort of their parents.

4) Discuss in relation to Michel de Certeaus idea that everyday life Essay

4) Discuss in relation to Michel de Certeaus idea that everyday life is said to exist between the lines - Essay Example Since these movements are habitual and unconscious, I could not remember and felt that it was impossible to remember - so that if I had dusted it and forgot - that is, had acted unconsciously, then it was the same as if I had not. If some conscious person had been watching, then the fact could be established. If, however, no one was looking, or looking on unconsciously, if the whole complex lives of many people go on unconsciously, then such lives are as if they had never been.† (Leo Tolstoys Diary, 1897, cited in Art As Technique by Victor Schklovsky, 1897) In this naà ¯ve narrative manner, Tolstoy has described the complexity in the working of the unconscious. But a closer look can tell us that it is more about the ‘habitual’ task that the individual is not conscious of. After the initial failure to remember the individual also feel that it is impossible to remember. The expression that the failure to remember that he has done the act is tantamount to the fact that he has not done it. The last sentence is more emphatic about the necessity of recording the act done. Three questions can be taken from the quote in order to read a hypertext that the observation appears to relate to. Is the implication of the last sentence serves as a metaphor, which links it to post-modernist doubt in the traditional representation of reality? If habit is responsible for the facile recognition of the inability to be conscious of something, then under what circumstances is the habit formed? How is the production (dusting) of the individual to be accounted? One of the central methodological issues to the theorists of cross-cultural studies is how to relate and conceptualize the existence of the everyday life that is always at odds with the archival representation of life. The heterogeneity of experiences is the unavoidable constituent of every day and the theorists of cross-cultural studies and comparative ethics must rely on heterology in order to

The argument in The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith depends on the Essay

The argument in The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith depends on the possibility of failure. Why is this so What implications does this have - Essay Example The wealth of nations forms the second branch of Smith's science, and its historical sweep contains part, but only a diminutive part, of such an account. Possibly a manuscript was among the objects consigned to the flames by his literary executors. We do, nevertheless, have two sets of notes recording Smith's early Lectures on Jurisprudence; these notes provide an inadequately early and imperfect indication of what his missing branch of the science might have contained. In spite of their mistakes, these notes have significantly increased our awareness of Smith's intention to communicate an integrated science. Several problems like probability of failure have been deliberated to reside in the interstices between the three branches of Smith's science. Clearly it was at one time likely to refer to the Adam Smith problem of failure as the (challenging) relationship between the wealth of nations and the Theory of Moral Sentiments. I desire to see the limitations of his branches as giving rise to interpretive uncertainties rather than problems. As far as the state goes, the fundamental uncertainty arises from the fact that parts of the wealth of nations seem to take nations for granted (especially the introduction and plan of the work), yet national boundaries form a very strong threat to social progress throughout Smith's intellectual system: to the development of material welfare at different points in the wealth of nations and to the progress of benevolence in the Theory of Moral Sentiments. The jurisprudential constituent of Smith's science was never concluded, but his early lectures on th e subject also propose that he regarded the nation state as a transitional form: one that already needed replacement in his day. Modern preoccupations with certain matters of policy have given Smith's economic analysis and associated prescriptions renewed prominence. The psychological judgments on which The Wealth of Nations is apparently based have also attracted attention and made familiar Smith's classic statement that: It is not from the generosity of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we look forward to our dinner, but from the view to their own interest. Nobody except a beggar chooses to rely mainly upon the munificence of his fellow citizens. Even a beggar does not depend upon it completely. (Wealth Of Nations I. ii. 2) Economists have interpreted this statement to mean that Smith was dealing with a restricted range of human experience in The Wealth of Nations-- what Alfred Marshall was later to describe as the study of mankind 'in the ordinary business life' ( 1956, p. 12). Looked at in this way, the suggestion that men act in a self interested manner can be seen as a hypothesis which makes the task of economic analysis more manageable. Exactly this point was made by Smith's contemporary, Sir James Steuart, when be observed: 'The principle of self-interest will serve as a general key to this enquiry; and it may, in one sense, be considered as the ruling principle of

Becoming an ATF Agent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Becoming an ATF Agent - Essay Example All ATF agents are required to receive at least a bachelor’s degree. The individual must be at least twenty-one years old and no older than thirty-seven. There are a number of smaller requirements as well. In these regards the individual must, â€Å"Complete and pass the ATF special agent assessment test and the Treasury Enforcement Agent exam† (Jess, 2011). Potential ATF agents also undergo stringent background testing, including a polygraph test. In addition, it’s noted that you will need to, â€Å"undergo a physical exam and drug screening. If you are selected to become an agent, you will also participate in a much more specific law enforcement training program† ("Criminal justice degrees," 2011). While ATF agents must receive a four-year degree, there is not a specific major or degree the individual must receive; although many ATF agents pursue studies in criminal justice, law, or related fields. In addition there are specific paths within the ATF that require post-graduate coursework. In terms of cost, there is a great amount of cost differential based on the type of education – public or private – the individual seeks. In addition, concerns related to room and board also make the cost highly relative. Once individuals are hired as ATF agents there is also a considerable amount of training. It’s noted that the individual undergoes, â€Å"9 weeks in Glynco, GA where new agents are trained in surveillance, arrest techniques, firearms training and other skills.   New agents then spend 13 weeks at FLETC where they are trained on explosives, bomb scene investigation and other similar areas† ("Atf agent career," 2011). Even as there are considerable requirements to become an ATF agent, the beginning salary is commensurate with the extensive training; in these regards, beginning agents make approximately $25,000 per year, but within a few years can make nearly $50,000. In conclusion,

Johnson & Johnson healthy future 2015 Research Paper

Johnson & Johnson healthy future 2015 - Research Paper Example It is necessary to recycle and use alternative energy to cut CO2 emission by a great percentage. Health of people throughout the world has been compromised with diseases like Tuberculosis and HIV killing over one million annually. Johnson and Johnson are an environmental conservation and a noon-profit organisation that conservesthe environment, and improve people’s health. The organisation has been in existence for over 125 years working environmental conservation. The Johnson and Johnson have come up with a Health future project that is going to be implemented over a five year period. Health future 2015 has a long commitment to address global health issues. Their primary goal is to create a healthy world by improving both human, and planet health. This campaign is aimed at aggressively reducing Co2 emission, water usage, and waste disposal by introducing six new sustainable products. This project identified stays sustained by the eco- friendly products that are developed and later sold to consumers. The organisation has recruited many volunteers and partners that are willing to help in conserving the environment and reduce its pollution. The project is tremendously beneficial to the globe and every person that loves the environment and health would be involved. The concept that Johnson and Johnson family target’s almost everybody because it helps, and at the same time educates. A person can get involve by simply using their environment al friendly products. This campaign will target the manufacturers, the ordinary person buying a product and those that require health assistant including those in the developing nations. Johnson and Johnson aim to achieve its goals up to 100%. Johnson and Johnson family collaboratesthroughdoctors plus nurses to aid them care for their patients, and give them the joy of health. This is paramount to me as a nurse. The organisation has health initiatives that help

Leading the Way - A Marketing Plan for Sustainable Competitive Essay

Leading the Way - A Marketing Plan for Sustainable Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Apple may have to invest a great deal of financial and human capital effort into performing market research to gain new market interest, something the firm is not experienced with as, historically, Apple has chosen to focus on developing existing markets through product development strategies. Marketing Strategy and Analysis for Apple, Inc. 1.0 Introduction Apple, Inc. has long been considered a pioneering company; an innovative organisation that develops unique products with features and benefits unavailable by competition that gives the business a positive market position. Marketing has been one of the fundamental success factors for Apple, especially in relation to launch of the iPod, iPhone and iPad, methods of differentiating the business from other competition. Marketing is defined as being all-inclusive of all activities related to commercial exchanges that involve advertising, branding, distribution, establishment of pricing structures, and responding to consumer behaviour pa tterns (McCall 2003). Apple successfully utilises marketing in order to build relationships with consumers that lead to brand loyalty, attachments that have consumers favouring Apple branded products over other competitive products offered by such competitors as Samsung and Blackberry. Apple focuses on building a brand, a holistic representation of the business that is reflective of quality and internal corporate values. Branding is a strategy that creates the ability to build connectivity between internal market-centric assets and important target markets that allow a business to nurture its resources effectively (Abimbola 2001). Apple maintains a brand strategy that reflects emotional appeals, building a brand personality that emphasises such consumer-centric concepts as â€Å"inspiring passion and hope, power-to-the-people through facilitating technology, imagination and liberty regained† (Robinson 2012, p.2). This is how loyal markets view Apple as a leader in the technol ogy industry. 2.0 Responses to competitor activities Apple uses marketing as a tool to create perceptions in desired target markets that Apple products and services as superior to competitor brands. Apple is adept in creating pioneering products that have relatively long product life cycles as competitors are not able to quickly replicate the features and benefits of Apple branded products. Apple, in the early 2000s, was able to gain favourable market attention and brand preference with diverse markets by being the first-to-market. According to marketing theory, the publicity associated with pre-launch activities set up the foundation for brand loyalty. When a first-mover achieves positive gains with an innovative product, they actually define the product category and are seen as a model by which consumers evaluate late movers (Agarwal and Gort 2001; Liberman and Montgomery 1988). Apple is not generally taken to creating marketing strategies as a response to competitive efforts, but to build proactive methodologies of promotion that enhance its public brand reputation through media coverage. The former CEO, Steve Jobs, used to serve as a relevant and trusted celebrity endorser that engaged many diverse consumer